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PROCEEDINGS OF A CONVENTION, 

HELD IN THE CITV OF KEW YORK, 

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 29, 1868, 

FOB THE PURPOSE OF ORGANIZING 

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF 
COTTON MANUFACTURERS AND PLANTERS; 

AND OF THE 

FIRST JIEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT OF 
THE ASSOCIATION, 

WITH CORRESPONDENCE AND STATISTICS APPENDED. 



BOSTON: 
PRENTISS & DELAND, PRINTERS, 

1868. 



1 



PEOCEEDINGS OF A CONVENTION, 

HELD IN THE CITY OF NEW YOKE, 

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 29, 1868, 

FOE THE PURPOSE OF ORGANIZING 

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OP 
COTTON MANUFACTUEEES AND PLANTEES; 

AND OF THE 

FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT OF 
THE ASSOCIATION, 

WITH CORRESPONDENCE AND STATISTICS APPENDED. 




^«*?^; 







BOSTON: 

PRENTISS & DELAND, PRINTERS, 
1868. 



i 









Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by 

Edwaed p. Bond, Secretary, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. 



CONTENTS. 



Proceedings of Preliminaky Convention: ^^°^' 

Call of the Convention 5 

Meeting of the Convention 7 

Temporary Organization 7 

Address of the President 8 

Permanent Organization 9 

Eesolution to form an Association 9 

Articles of Association and By-laws ,14 

Election of Officers 27 

First Meeting of the Government : 

Address of the President 33 

Qualifications for Membership 35 

Election of Directors 36 

Tare on Cotton 36 

Communications read and referred 42 

Consumption of Cotton 42 

Claims for Allowances 44 

Membership of the Association 47 

Tare and False Packing 47 

The Committee on Statistics 48 

Appointment of an Executive Committee 49 

The Cotton Crop 49 

Collection of Statistics ■ 65 

Closing Remarks of the President 56 

Appendix : 

I. Supplementary Beport of the Committee on Statistics: 

Summary of Returns from Mills 57 

List of Cotton Samples 60 

II. Extracts from Correspondence : 

Letter of Mr. Abram Murdock 61 

,, ,, Henry Merrell 61 

,, ,, George Brodie 64 

,, „ L. D. Childs 66 

„ „ R. H. Chieton 66 

III. Statistical Tables : 

Explanatory Notes 68 

1. Cotton Crop of the U. S., 1826-67 72 

2. British Cotton Trade and Manufactures, 1816-67 . 78 

3. Condensed Statement of Cotton Manufacture and 

Trade of Great Britain, 33 years 88 

4. Fluctuations in value of Gold, Cotton, and Cotton 

Goods, 18G1-8 90 

5. Average prices in England of Wheat and Beef, 130 

years, and of Cotton and Yarns, 70 years ... 92 



PROCEEDINGS 

OF THE 

PRELIMINARY CONVENTION. 



On the 1st of April, 1868, the following call 
was addressed to the Cotton Manufacturers of the 
United States, signed, as will be seen, by a large 
number of persons interested in this branch of 
industry. 

To the Cotton Manufacturers of the United States. 

You are respectfully invited to meet the undersigned, at the 
St. Nicholas Hotel, in the city of New York, on Wednesday, 
the 29th day of April next, at 12 o'clock, m., for the purpose of 
consultation, and, if it should be thought advisable, of forming 
a National Association of Cotton Manufacturers, for the promo- 
tion of our common interests. 

As it is desirable that manufacturers throughout the country 
should attend the Convention, and participate in its action, it is 
deemed proper to set forth in substance the leading objects of 
the contemplated Association, that they may be under consid- 
eration prior to the meeting of the Convention, viz. 

To observe legislation on questions affecting this branch of 
industry, with constant attention, and to use all proper influ- 
ences to guard against enactments detrimental to our interests, 
as well as to promote such as may appear right and beneficial. 

To collate, digest, and disseminate among the members, 
accurate statistical information in relation to the growth and 
manufacture of cotton. 

To promote the cultivation of cotton in our country, and a 
recognition of the identity of interests between the cotton 
planters and manufacturers. And generally to accomplish by 
associated efibrts, whatever may be for the common good, 



6 



PRELIMINARY CONVENTION. 



within the sphere of the Association, shunning every thing of 
a local or partial character. 

N^EW YORK. 

GEO. C. RICHARDSON & CO CiTY OF New Yoek. 

LOW, HARRIMAN, & CO „ 

GARNER & CO „ 

NATHAN DAY & CO „ 

ALDRICH, IDDINGS, & CLIFTON „ 

FRANCIS BAKER „ 

STANFIELD, WENTWORTH, & CO „ 

HUNT, TILLINGHAST, & CO „ 

WOODWARD, LAWRENCE, «& CO „ 

HOYT, SPRAGUE, & CO „ 

RALPH CLARK & CO 

F. H. HASTINGS Brainard. 

A. S. CARLETON Brownsville. 

HOWLETT & BAILEY AuBUEN. 

A. B. BUELL Utica. 

E. CHAJVIBERLAIN , 

JOHN C. ROBY N. Hartford. 

D. J. JOHNSTON COHOES. 

WILLIAM E. THOM „ 

N. WILD & SONS KiNDERHOOK. N.Y. 

VAN ALLEN & CO „ „ 

A. ABBOTT & CO „ „ 

CARPENTER & EARLL „ „ 

J. CARPENTER 



PENNSYLVAlSriA. 

ROBERT PATERSON & CO Philadelphia. 

WILLIAM DIVINE & SONS 

R. GARSED 

A. CAMPBELL & CO 

JOHN PARNUM & CO 

D. & C. KELLY 

THOMAS H. CRAIGE & CO 

WILLIAM SIMPSON 

A. H. CHILDS & CO Pittsburg. 

A. O. FRANCE „ 

HOLMES, BELL, & CO „ 

KENNEDY, CHILDS, & CO „ 

PARK, PAINTER, & CO „ 

MARYLAND. 

WM. KENNEDY Baltimore. 

GEO. P. TIFFANY 

B. DEFORD 

W. H. BALDVSaN 

JAMES S. GARY & SON 

GAMBRILL SONS & CO 

N. SHANNON 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

SWIFT, HAMBURGER, & CO 

L. D. CHILDS 

RESPASS, SWIFT, & CO ■. . 

JAMES G. GIBBES 



PEELIMINARY CONVENTION. 



GESOBGIA. 

EDW. PADELFORD Savannah. 

OHIO. 

GOULD, PEARCE, & CO CINCINNATI. 

STEARNS & FOSTER 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

WILLIA]VI AMORY Boston. 

WILLIAM GRAY 

AMOS A. LAWRENCE 

SAMUEL BATCHELDER 

HENRY V. WARD ' 

E. R. MUDGE 

B. F. NOURSE 

GEO. L. WARD 

EDWARD ATKINSON 

ARTHUR T. LY^LAJSr 

BHODS ISIiAND. 

A. & W. SPRAGUE Providence. 

M. B. LOCKWOOD 

T. D. BOWEN 

H. LIPPITT & CO 

A. N. BECKWITH 

STEPHEN HARRIS 

GALLUP BROTHERS 

ORRAY TAFT & CO. . 

LEWIS DEXTER 

A.]vi> m:j^.]vy others. 



TEMPORARY ORGANIZATION. 

In response to this call, a large number of 
cotton manufacturers, and others interested in the 
business, representing nearly every state in the 
Union, assembled in the parlor of the St. Nicholas 
Hotel, in the city of 'New York, on Wednesday, 
April 29, for the purpose indicated. 

The meeting was called to order at one o'clock, 
by Gen. Robert Patterson, of Pennsylvania, 
and a temporary organization formed by the elec- 
tion of Mr. Daniel Pratt, of Alabama, President, 
and Mr. Arthur T. Lyman, of Massachusetts, 
Secretary. 

Mr. Pratt, on taking the chair, made a short 
address, thanking the Convention for the honor 



8 PRELIMINAEY CONVENTION. 

conferred on him, expressing his gratification at 
the cordial reception which he and his brethren 
from the Sonth had met, and declaring the readi- 
ness of the Southern people to co-operate with 
their countrymen of the ^orth in advancing the 
great interests of the nation. 

The following gentlemen were then appointed a 
Committee on a permanent organization, George 
P. TrFFA^rr, of Maryland, Ralph Clarke, of 'New 
York, E. E. Mudge, of Massachusetts, George 
L. "Ward, of Massachusetts, and S. "W. Joii:n^son', 
of New York. 

The Committee reported the following names 
for permanent officers of the Convention, and the 
report was unanimously adopted. 

FOR PRESIDENT. 

RICHARD GARSED, of Pennsylvania. 

FOR SECRETARY. 

ARTHUR T. LYMAN, of Massachusetts. 

ADDRESS OP THE PRESIDENT. 

On taking the chair, the President addressed 
the Convention as follows : — 

Gentlemen: I feel very highly honored by this mark of 
your confidence, in apj^ointing me to preside over such a digni- 
fied body of gentlemen as I see art)und me. It was entirely 
unexpected. I think that you have made a mistake, and that a 
much better man than myself might have been selected. 

My heart, I must say, is in this matter of cotton manufac- 
ture. It is now some forty years since I first went into a 
cotton mill, and as it is said that we are all crazy on some one 
point, probably that is the weak place with myself, — the love 
of cotton and woollen machinery. 

I think this meeting to-day foreshadows a new era in that 
branch of business 'on this continent. When I see around me 



PRELIMINARY CONVENTION. 9 

gentlemen engaged in the. business, who are determined now 
that it shall have the position to which it is entitled by the 
capital invested in it, and who possess the talent and energy- 
necessary to give it at least a reasonable chance of success, — 
Avhen I see them now joining together to carry out the best 
interests of the business, and make it as successful here as it is 
on the other side of the Atlantic, I feel that a new Ufe is to be 
given to it. - 

I see here gentlemen from Texas and Alabama and other 
States where cotton is grown for us, desirous to learn how it is 
to be put up, as the Englishman in Australia is taught how to 
put up his wool, — not to put too many hoops round it ; not to 
put two or three'diiierent kinds in a bale ; to let us know where 
every bale comes from. That is one object of the proposed 
Association. Another is to interchange opinions as to machinery ; 
to meet socially, tliat we may know each other better, and to 
try by the interchange of ideas with each other, to give to the 
business that permanency and respectability and power which 
can be only attained by combination-; — not a political combi- 
nation, not one against the laborer on the land, but one for our 
mutual advantage and benefit, where we can ascertain, by an 
interchange of views, the system best adapted to our particular 
needs, and can carry it out in the best manner possible. I look 
forward to the great success of our manufactures from that 
source. We have, heretofore, been as a rope of sand. One 
man has gone in one direction after his object, and another in 
another. There has been no harmony of action. If men ever 
have worked, the cotton manufacturers of this land have, but it 
does not seem to have been with the best results, though some 
men have made fortunes, as they would have in anything. But 
I hope now for better things. 

Thanking you again for your confidence, I await any motion. 

PERMANENT OKGANIZATION. 

Mr. E. R. MuDGE of Massachusetts: I desire to 

offer a vote for the consideration of the meeting, which will 
bring the whole matter of the permanent organization before it. 

Voted, That it is desirable and expedient that we now proceed 
to take measures for a permanent oi'ganization of the Cotton 
Manufacturers' Association. 



10 PEELIMINARY CONVENTION. 

Mr. G. L. "Ward, of Massachusetts: Before that 

vote is taken, I hope we sliall have an expression of opinion 
from gentlemen who have come from a distance. 

Mr. MudGE: Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, — It must be 
apparent to all of us who have had much experience in the 
business of cotton manufacturing, that we need all the aids 
possible to enable us to compete favorably with the other 
nations in the manufacture of the staple of which we have 
been the great producers, and of which we have controlled the 
price for the world. 

A government like ours, which is dependent entirely on the 
will of the people, should be informed from tim'e to time of that 
will. We elect members to Congress, and we expect them to 
perform their duties. We send, I think, generally, our best 
men. If we send bad men, it is our own fault. I do not believe 
in the general corruption which is said to prevail among Qur 
legislators. I believe we have honest men who are willing, to 
the best of their ability, to enact such laws as shall be for the 
best interests and well-being of the communities they represent, 
and through them, of the whole united government. The 
question of tariff comes up, — protection, positive or incidental, 
free trade or a modified form of it, for their consideration. 
How is it possible for men sent from the agricultural districts 
of ^e country, and from the commercial cities, to legislate upon 
the manufacturing interests, without any knowledge upon the 
subject at all? A committee is appointed to take the subject 
into consideration and report a bill. They ask for information. 
How shall it be had ? If the subject touch the interests of 
any of us here, we perhaps write letters to our representatives 
in Congress, or go to Washington ourselves, in order to strive 
to influence legislation. How much better it would be if, on such 
an occasion, any interests which were to be jeopardized or to be 
benefitted by the passage, of any law, should be represented 
by a committee, who would have in their possession all the 
facts bearing upon the interests they would represent. Their 
arrival in Washington would be hailed with pleasure by the 
committee of Congress having the matter in charge. They 
would be possessed of the information which it is particularly 
necessary for them to have, in order to make a proper report to 
Congress. 



PRELIMINARY CONVENTION. 11 

This is only one advantage which would arise from a perma- 
nent organization of the cotton manufactm-ers of this coun- 
try. There are others which must be ajjpareut to all of us. 
A fraternal feeling would grow up among the cotton manufac- 
turers of the country, which would make them desirous to 
impart all the knowledge necessary to their brethren in the 
trade and business. 

It is supposed by the people of this country, generally, that 
we have made great advancement in the manufacture of cotton. 
I can only say that I was utterly ashamed of ray country, at 
the Exposition in Paris, this last year, when I saw that we are 
at the foot of all civilized nations in the handling of the raw 
material which we produce in such abundance. That may seem 
astonishing. I do not mean that we do not produce the 
articles that we attempt to make as well as any other country. 
That I freely admit. But what I mean is, that we are only 
in the A B C's of our business, while t)ther countries have 
run nearly through the alphabet, many of them. If you 
will look at the numbers of the yarn we spin in this country, 
from a material which is better adapted than the production of 
any other country to spinning a variety of numbers, you will see 
what I mean. In fact, with the exception of England, who 
showed her fabrics made for export to India and other 
countries, we were the only people who jDretended to show a 
piece of sheeting, — common cotton cloth. That was not con- 
sidered by the nations of Europe a fit article to send to an 
Exposition of the industry of all nations. They considered, I 
suppose, that any country that could not make that, should not 
be admitted to expose their fabrics in competition with other 
countries. You walk into any retail dry-goods store on Broad- 
way, and examine the cotton fabrics in that store, and what do 
you see? Of the number of articles exhibited there, manufac- 
tured from cotton, if you see twenty, you will see perhaps five 
that we make here, the other fifteen are imported. 

Mr. J. T. MoKEiiEAD, of North Carolina : As the 

gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Ward), has asked for in- 
formation from those parties coming from a distance, I simply 
rise to make a remark as to the local condition of the South, 
I being the only representative from my state. 

In our part of the country we look for very great advantage 
from any organization among cotton manufacturers. Previous 



12 PEELIMINARY CONVENTION. 

to the war, the educated and intelligent men of the State en- 
tered the professions or became farmers. Since the freeing of 
the slaves, the carrying on of large farms has become impracti- 
cable, the professions are not profitable, and by our participa- 
tion in the war, we are debarred from politics. Consequently, the 
educated men of the South and all our best citizens who have 
the interests of the nation most at heart, are ready to enter 
into the great enterprises which are to develop the material 
resources of the State ; and nothing is necessary to enable us 
to go into that work with energy, but some national legislation 
upon something besides politics, and State governVnents founded 
upon something else but an agrarian policy, both pecuniary and 
social. We therefore look to this organization to bring forth 
some good points in our national legislation, and then for some 
assistance and sympathy and influence in regard to our local 
legislation. 

"We want information with reference to rpanufacturing. We 
know nothing, comparatively, now. Before the war, no practi- 
cal mechanics from the North entered our State in consequence 
of the prejudice which was supposed to exist against their sen- 
timents. We want now capital and practical men. We have 
to look to you for information in relation to machinery, and the 
improvements upon it, and upon all the points in regard to 
which your experience will be of service to us. We have 
neither the money nor the time now to devote to experiments. 
We must gain this information from you, and to this organization 
we have to look for the fruits of your experience instead of our 
own. Then, gentlemen, discarding all sectional feeling and 
prejudice, which have led to such very unfortunate results here- 
tofore, we will unite with the Northern people, and enter into 
competition with English manufactures, atid those of other 
countries. You see by a recent statement in the Herald, that 
the increase in English exports in the last decade, was 48 per 
cent, while ours was but 14 per cent. Now, with any sort of 
liberality shown us, with any chance whatsoever given us, with 
the great natural resources of our Southern country, we will 
surprise you, and surpass our own most sanguine expectations. 

My State has had natural resources poured out upon it with 
lavish hand. We have every thing we could wish in that 
respect; and all we need is a change in our. political condition, 
and some little time to recuperate from the pecuniary loss occa- 



PRELIMINARY CONVENTION. 13 

sioned by the war. There are only twenty cotton manufacto- 
ries in my State, raiining from one to two thousand spindles each. 
With but three exceptions, they have old and worn out machin- 
ery, which was adapted to the manufacture of coarse articles, 
bought by farmers and planters for their negroes. Our machin- 
ery, therefore, cannot compete with yours, or with the English. 
Consequently we have got to enter upon a new field,. and we 
look to you for sympathy and interest, and for information upon 
all points connected with this manufacture. 

Gen. R. Patteeso:?^, of Pennsylvania: I think 
quite enough has been said. I move the adoption of the resolu- 
tion. 

Mr. HOEEOBIN, of Maine : Before the question is put, 
I should be veiy glad to ask Mr. MuDGE.if he thinks it possi- 
ble for American spinners to produce as fine a yarn as the 
English, and, if so, by what means ? 

Mr. MtJDGE: I have no doubt that if time enough be 
given us, we shall equal any other country in the handling of 
our own material. 

With the intelligence noAV possessed by the cotton manufac- 
turers of this country, they have only to be encouraged by 
proper legislation, and they will successfully compete with the 
manufacturers of any other country. But I will not go into 
that subject, for it is a veiy wide one. 

When we talk of protection, I think it should be given only 
at the point where the cotton manufacture requires it. There 
is as much harm in passing a tariff which j^rotects the goods 
which we can export, as there is in leaving those goods without 
protection which we cannot make now in competition with the 
cheap labor and cheap capital of the old countries. I think 
there are gentlemen in this room who could frame a tariff under 
which we could make fine numbers, and make any description 
of goods now manufactured on the other side. 

Gen. PatteeSO:N' : I hope this discussion will cease. I 
want "to do what there is to be done, and go home. 

Let our manufacturers have a fair field, and they will defy 
the world. I want no protection. I want the whole internal 
revenue system abolished, except the tax on whiskey and 
tobacco. I want more producers, as well as consumers, I want 



14 PRELIMINARY CONVENTION. 

every man in the public employ, be Ms situation what it may, 
unless that situation is of some use to the country, sent home 
to make shoes, or hats, or coats, or anything else, and cease 
plundering. 

The question was then put on the resolution 
proposed by Mr. Mudge, and it was carried. 

Mr. Johnson", of I^ew York: I move that a com- 
mittee be formed for the purpose of making the articles of 
Organization and By-Laws. 

This motion was adopted, and the Chairman an- 
nounced the Committee, as follows : — 

Hon. Abram Muedock, Alabama. 
D. Lammot, jun., Delaware. 
James A. Gary, Maryland. 
JoHisr F. Arnold, Massachusetts. 
D. J. Johnston, New York. 
Henry V. Ward, Massachusetts. 

A recess was then taken, at the conclusion of 
which Mr. Muedock, Chairman of the Committee, 
submitted the following report : — 

ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION. 

Whereas the growth and manufacture of cotton constitute 
important branches of national industry, largely involving the 
labor and capital of the country ; and whereas their future de- 
velopment and permanent success require greater co-operation, 
on the part of those engaged in them, than has heretofore 
existed, — 

Therefore, we, the subscribers, for the purpose of 2")romoting 
more effectually, by all appropriate means, the advancement 
and prosperity of those interests, agree to associate ourselves 
together under the name of "The National Association of 
Cotton Manufacturers and Planters," and be governed by 
such rules and by-laws as the Association may, from time to 
time, adopt ; provided that no debt shall be contracted which 
shall be binding on the Association or its members individually, 
beyond the amount of the subscriptions for one year. 



PEELIMINAKY CONVENTION. 15. 

BY-LAWS. 

Section I. 
Jfemhers and their Elections. 
. 1. All persons whose names are enrolled as members of the 
Convention of Cotton Manufacturers and Planters, held at 
New York, April 29, 1868, may become members by subscrib- 
ing the Articles of Association. 

2. From and after the adoption of these By-laws, members 
shall be elected only at meetings of the Government ; and no 
person shall be eligible to membership who is not proposed for 
election by some actual member, by written notice to the Pres- 
ident or Secretary ; and no person shall be admitted, if five or 
more votes are given against him. 

3. The Government, at any duly organized meeting, may 
elect coiTesi^onding and honorary members by the unanimous 
vote of the members present. 

4. Each person admitted as a member of the Association, 
except corresponding and honorary members, shall pay to the 
Secretary the sum of dollars as an admission-fee. 

5. Every manufacturer or corjjoration shall pay in advance 

an annual assessment of to the Secretary, in addition to 

the admission-fee; and upon the refusal or failure by any 
member to i^ay such assessments, his name shall be presented 
to the Government ; and, upon their vote, be struck from the 
list of members. 

6. Any member who shall have jDaid his assessments in fully 
may withdraw his membership, by giving written notice thereof 
to the Secretary. 

Section II. 
Officers and their Election. 
1. The officers of the Association shall consist of a President, 
a Vice President for each State represented in the Association, 
said Vice President to be Chairman of State Organizations 
formed under this Association, a Secretary, a Treasurer, not 
less than thirty nor more than fifty Directors, and the mem- 
bers of the Standing Committees hereinafter designated, who 
together shall constitute the Government of the Association ; 
and nine of whom shall constitute a quorum for the transac- 
tion of business. 



16 PRELIMINARY CONVENTION. 

2. The Government shall have power to hold meetings at 
such times and places as they may think proper ; to aj^point 
committees on particular subjects, from the members of the 
Government, or from other members of the Association, with 
full powers to act on such committees as though members of 
the Government ; to appropriate the funds of the Association ; 
to print and circulate documents, and publish articles in the 
newspapers ; to carry on correspondence, and otherwise com- 
municate with other associations interested in the growth or 
manufacture of cotton ; to employ agents, and to devise and 
carry into execution such other measures as they may deem 
proper and expedient to promote the objects of the Association. 

3. After the first choice, all the ofiicers of the Association, 
except the Secretary, shall be elected by ballot, at the annual 
meeting, the votes of a majority of the members present being 
necessary to constitute an election; and they shall continue 
in office for the term of one year, or until their successors ai'e 
elected and qualified to take their places. No person shall be 
eligible for the office of President or Vice-President for more 
than three years in succession ; and one-fifth of the Directors, 
and one member of each of the Standing Committees shall retire 
each year, in the order of every fifth one of the former and the 
last one of the latter, as their names shall stand on the bal- 
loting list. 

4. The Government of the Association shall choose the Sec- 
retary, and shall define the duties and fix the salaries of all 
officers of the Association. They may also fill any vacancies 
occurring in their own body, after the annual election, by death, 
declination to serve, resignation, or any other cause, at any reg- 
ular or special meeting at which a quorum shall be present. 

SECTioisr III. 
Meetings of the Association. 
1. There shall be an annual meeting of tlie Association, for 
the choice of officers and the transaction of other business, on 

the last Wednesday of at such place as the Government 

may appoint, the first meeting to take place in 1869; 

and notice of such meeting, signed by the Secretary, shall be 
mailed to the address of each member, at least thirty days 
before the time fixed for the meetina:. 



PRELIMINARY CONVENTION. 17 

2. Special meetings may be called by the Government, or 
upon the written application of twenty members not in the 
Government, to the Secretary ; notice thereof to be given in 
the same manner as for the annual meetings. It shall require 
twenty members present at any meeting, to foi'm a quorum ; 
and, in case of there not being a quorum, the meeting may be 
adjourned by the presiding officer. 

Section IV. 
Duties of Officers. 

1. It shall be the duty of the Pi-esident, or in his absence, of 
one of the Vice-Presidents, in the order of seniority, to preside 
at all meetings of the Association and of the Government ; 
and the President, or one of the Vice-Presidents, shall audit 
and sign the annual accounts of the Treasurer. 

2. The Treasurer shall keep an account of all moneys re- 
ceived and expended for the use of the Association, and shall 
make disbursements only upon vouchers approved in writing by 
the Secretary, and one member of the Committee on Finance. 
When his term of office expires, he shall deliver over to his 
successor all books, moneys, and other property; or, in the 
absence of the Treasurer elect, the same shall be delivered to 
the President. 

3. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to give notice of and 
attend, all meetings of the Association, and of the Government, 
and to keep a record of their doings ; to conduct all corres- 
pondence, and carry into execution all orders, votes, and 
resolves, not otherwise committed ; to keep a list of the mem- 
bers of the Association, collect the assessments, and pay them 
over to the Treasurer ; to notify officers and members of the 
Association of their election ; to notify members of their ap- 
pointment on committees, furnish the chairman of each com- 
mittee with the copy of the vote under which the committee 
is appointed, and, at his request, give notice of the meetings of 
the committee ; to have an office for receiving and imparting 
intelligence, where those who seek and those who give employ- 
ment, may hear of each other ; where those who make and 
those who use machinery, may learn each other's wants, and to 
which those who grow and those who work up the raw material, 
may alike resort for information and consultation ; to prepare, 
under the direction of the Govei-nment, an Annual Report of 

3 



18 PRELIMINAEY CONVENTION. 

the transactions and condition of the Association, with siich 
statistical information as he may have collected under the 
direction of the Committee on Statistics ; and, generally, to 
devote his best efforts to forwarding the business, and advanc- 
ing the interests of the Association. The Secretary shall be 
authorized to employ a competent clerk to assist him in the 
duties of his office. 

Section V. 
Standing Committees. 

1. There shall be four standing committees," viz, — 

A Committee on Finance ; 

„ „ „ Statistics ; 

„ „ „ Machinery ; 

„ „ „ Raw Materials; 

each to consist of five 'members, and act under the direction 
of the Government. 

2. The Committee on Finance shall have the general superin- 
tendence of all matters of finance connected with the Associa- 
tion : and one or other of the members thereof shall give his 
written approval to all vouchers of ex^ienditure, in order to 
their payment by the Treasurer. 

3. The Committee on Statistics shall, with the aid of the 
Secretary, inquire after and collect statistical information re- 
lating to the growth and manufacture of cotton, especially such 
as will tend to show the progress of its various branches, both 
at home and abroad, and have the same incorporated into the 
Secretary's Annual Report. 

4. The Committee on Machinery shall investigate new inven- 
tions and improvements relating to the manufacture of cotton 
fabrics, and report thereon to the Government. 

5. The Committee on Raw Materials shall take into consider- 
ation the origin and extent of the various raw materials used 
by the cotton manufacturers of the United States, especially 
the supply and consumption of cotton, the amount and charac- 
ter of the home growth, and the means best calculated to 
increase and diversify it, and report the results of their investi- 
gations to the Government. 

6. The reports of the several committees provided by this 
section shall be printed, with the Secretary's Annual Report, and 
copies thereof sent to each member of the Association. 



PKELIMINARY CONVENTION. 19 

Section VI. 

Amendment and Repeal. 

1. These By-laws may be amended or repealed by a vote of 
two-thirds of the members present at any duly organized meet- 
ing of the Association, provided notice of such proposed change 
shall have been presented, in writing, at a previous meeting. 

Mr. MuBDOCK : In moving, as I do, that the report be 
accepted, and the committee discharged, I desire to say a 
single word. 

I appreciate, perhaps, more fully than most persons present, 
the feelings of my venerable friend, the temporary President. 
I, like him, left this section of the country about forty years 
ago, and went to the far South. We have together been 
interested in public improvements, and have endeavored to 
introduce manufactures into the South. We have been gratified 
to find, after a long and bloody war, that we are welcomed 
back again to our native hills. 

I desire to say a single word in answer to my young friend 
from Maine "(Mr. Horrobin"), who asked a question, and so 
asked it, as if it could not be answered. I desire to say to him 
that there is no yarn spun upon the European continent that 
cannot be spun upon the American continent, with American 
cotton — that the finest cotton known to the civilized world is 
the Sea-Island cotton, and that the best petty-gulf cotton is 
then superior to any other cotton, save alone the Egyptian. I 
desire to say that the manufacturers of the old world are obliged 
to have either our Sea-Island cotton or our petty-gulf cotton, 
in order to make their fine fabrics at all. When in Manchester, 
a short time ago, I inquired as to the character of the fabrics 
they are exporting to India, and they acknowledged to me, 
frankly and freely, that they must have the American cottons. 
They are so anxious on the subject, that they are co-operating 
in sending emigrants to the South for the purpose of producing 
a large amount of cotton, and getting it cheaper. They do 
not hesitate to say that with their India cotton they cannot 
compete with us. They are making, it is true, a substantial, 
strong fabric, but it is rough, coarse work, and they cannot 
make fine work without our raw material. They do not pre- 
tend to say that their improved machinery, about which their 



20 PEELIMINARY CONVENTION. 

statesmen like so much to talk, is a success. They know it is 
not. They have altered their rollers so that they can use a 
larger amount of surats, and smaller amount of American 
cotton, but this talk about their making fine fabrics is all stuff. 
They admit this themselves. 

■ There is another point which strikes rae as a very important 
one. The completion of the Pacific Railroad will place us 
nearer India than Liverpool or Manchester. They realize that 
fact. They believe that we can supply the India market cheaper 
than they can do it, and they are much troubled about it. 

The question on the acceptance of the report 
was then put and carried. 

On motion of Mr. Gaut, it was voted, that the 
By-Laws be taken up separately, and considered. 

The first, second, and third Articles of Section 
one were then adopted without amendment. 

The question then being on the adoption of the 
fourth Article, Mr. H. Y. Ward, of Massachu- 
setts, moved that the admission fee be fixed at 
ten dollars, and that manufacturers pay two 
dollars and fifty cents per thousand sj)indles, and 
others, not manufacturers, ten dollars a year. 

Mr. Gr. Li. TV^AED : It seems to me that the assessment is 
too large. We want to bring in the entire cotton interest of 
the country, — to embrace every manufacturer throughout the 
length and breadth of the land. If we do that, and charge an 
admission fee of ten dollars, and an annual assessment of fifty 
cents per thousand spindles, it seems to me that would give us 
all the funds we need. We want to put the assessment at the 
lowest possible point which will give us money enough to 
accomplish the object we have in view. 

Mr. Gary, of Maryland: I think fifty cents a thou- 
sand would be enough. 

Mr. H. Y. Ward : The National Association of Wool 
Manufacturers has an income of ten or twelve thousand dollars. 
If we embrace five million spindles, and have an assessment of 
$2,50 per thousand spindles, it would only give us $12,500 a 



PRELIMINARY CONVENTION. 21 

year. Fifty cents a thousand sj^indles would give us only 
82,500 a year, which would be altogether too small. There 
would be the expense of a Secretary, at a salary of $5,000 a 
year, probably. Then there would be the expense of an office, 
of stationery, and of printing, which would be very large in 
such an Association, where a great number of documents have 
to be circulated about the country. The income of the Wool 
Manufacturers, as I have said, is ten or twelve thousand dollars, 
and we cannot expect to get along Avith less; probably we 
should need more, having a much larger number of members. 

Gen, PattekSOISI' : We are a little fast. The Article 
under consideration relates to the admission fee only. The 
question of the Assessment will come up on the next Article. 

The question was then put on the motion to fill 
the blank with ten dollars, and it was carried. 
The fourth Article was then adopted. 

Mr. Gauy: Moved that the blank in the fifth Article be 
filled by fixing the annual assessment at one dollar per annum, 
per thousand spindles. 

Mr. TV^ARD : I have been thinking this matter over, and 
I have come to the conclusion that the assessment must be 
larger than I at first supposed. If we get five million spiudles, 
a dollar a thousand will give us $5,000. 

Mr. JOHNSOIir: Is not the number nearer six millions 
than five ? 

Mr. W^ARD: Suppose it is six millions; that would give 
us 16,000. Recollect that is to be our annual income, for the 
initiation fee, having been paid once, will not be paid afterwards. 
It would be utterly impossible to carry on siich an Association 
for a less sum than ten or twelve thousand dollars a year. 
We must have an able man for Secretary, who would com- 
mand a large salary; we must sjjend a large sum for j^rinting, 
and we shall need considerable money to make the Association 
what we want to make it, 

Mr. JoECSrSOX : On extraordinary occasions, would it not 
be better to make an assessment upon the members rather than 
to have an annual income so larg-e as tliat '? 



22 PRELIMINARY CONVENTION. 

Mr. Ward : The annual income would be only sufficient 
for current expenses, and if you have extl-aordinary expenses, 
you must have an assessment in addition to that. 

I move to amend by substituting two dollars a thousand 
spindles, in the place of one dollar. 

The amendment was adopted. 

Mr. Gr. L/. W^ARD : I move that the annual fee be ten 
dollars to planters, and all others, not manufacturers. 

Mr. Ward's motion was carried, and the fifth 
Article was then adopted. 

The sixth Article was adopted as reported. 

The question then being upon the adoption of 
the first Article of the second Section. 

Mr. G. L. W^ARD: I would like to ask the object in pro- 
viding for auxiliary societies. It is a thing not contemplated or 
spoken of in the preliminary meeting. 

Mr. Lammot, of Delaware: The object was simjily 
that the cotton manufacturers might be brought together in 
the States in which they live, and that an expression of their 
views might be given to the general body through the Vice 
Presidents. 

Mr. MURDOCK, of Alabama : I desire to give another 
reason. It is understood that cotton growers as well as manu- 
facturers, are to join in this Association. The cotton growers 
will not come here, or to any other place, to attend the annual 
meeting, but they could meet in their respective States, and we 
should thus get a good many cotton growers to join us in this 
movement, which is as much for their interest as for ours. 

Gren. PatterSOjST: It is a great deal more for their 
interest than for ours. If every spindle could have been kept 
in motion this year, we should have used 400,000 more bales of 
cotton than we have, and jDut up the price abroad at least ten 
cents a pound. 

The first Article was then adopted, and the other 
Articles of the second Section in succession, as 
reported. 



PRELIMINAEY CONVENTION. 23 

The first Article of Section third, relating to 
the annual meeting of the Association, was then 
taken up. 

Mr. Aeistold, of Massachusetts: I move that the 
annual meeting be held on the first Wednesday of October. 

Mr. Gr. Li. TV^ARD : There is one thing we want to look 
at especially. We want to arrange our meetings so that it will 
be convenient for the people of the South to attend. In our 
correspondence with them in reference to this Convention, they 
said that if our meeting had been called in July, they could 
have had a larger delegation present ; but this being the plant- 
ing season, it was impossible for them to leave. 

Mr. Len^oik, of Tennessee: June would be better. 
In Texas, they pick in July. 

Mr. GrART : I would say in reply to the gentleman who 
named October, that that is the picking season, and the planters 
would be as busy then as in planting season. 

Mr. MoREHEAD, of JS^orth Carolina: The middle 
of June will suit us best. We picked through the whole winter 
last year. 

Mr. Pratt : I think the last Wednesday in June would 
suit the South. 

The motion to fill the blank by the insertion pf 
the last Wednesday in June, was flien carried, and 
the article was adopted. 

Article second of Section third, and Articles first 
and second of Section fourth, were adopted. 

The question being on the adoption of Article 
third, 

Mr. MlIDGrE : I move to amend by inserting the words 
" members of the Association," so that it should read, " to have 
an office for receiving and imparting intelligence, where those 
meinhers of the Association who seek and those who give 
employment may hear of each other." 



24: PRELIMINARY CONVENTION. 

Mr. G". L. "Ward: I move to strike out all after the 
words, "give notice of the meetings of the committee." 

The amendment was carried, and the Article, as 
amended, adopted. 

Article first, Section five, was then taken up. 

Gen. PatteeSOJST: I think there ought to be an Ex- 
ecutive Committee of men, selected especially for the j^urpose, 
and so located that they will come together, if not in person, 
then by letter. I will suggest that the Chairmen of the Com- 
mittees constitute an Executive Committee. 

Mr. Gr. L. W^ARD: We have provided that certain 
officers shall constitute the Government of the Association, and 
that nine members of the Government shall constitute a quorum 
for the transaction of business. Now it is proposed that these 
gentlemen shall be elected in such a way tliat they can be 
called together easily. In this way we form an Executive 
Committee, and that is part of the Government itself. The 
question is whether it is necessary to go beyond that. 

Mr. MurDOCK: This point was under discussion in the 
Committee, and we thought it was covered in Article second, 
Section second. 

Gen. Patterson": That does not cover the matter. 
Nine of the Government shall constitute a quorum for the 
transaction of business. Now that puts it in the jDower of any 
one person to select his own nine. I do not suppose any gen- 
tleman would select the wrong nine, but I would rather take 
five or seven of the ablest men in the Association as an Execu- 
tive Committee. 

Mr. G. L. W^ARD: It is supposed that the Govern- 
ment can ap2:)oint an Executive Committee, or a Special Com- 
mittee, if it is found necessary. We copied this somewhat from 
the regulations of the Wool Association. They have found the 
plan to work well. 

Mr. BiGELOW, of Massachusetts : I rise to explain 
the point under consideration as it was understood by those 
who passed the By-laws of the National Wool Manufacturers 
Association, and as it would apply to this Association. These 
By-laws provide that the Government shall have exclusive 



PRELIMINAKY CONVENTION. 25 

control and management of the Association. The object of 
committing this duty to a limited number as compared with the 
number of members, was in order to get more efficiency of 
action. The By-laws provide for several standing committees 
on Statistics, Finance, and so on. These standing committees 
are intended to be elected by the members of the Association, 
annually ; and it is intended that the Government shall have 
jDower to appoint an Executive Committee to represent them- 
selves on occasions where it is not convenient to bring the 
whole body together. 

I do not deem it desirable to have any provision in regard to 
the appointment of an Executive Committee, beyond the gen- 
eral provision conferring the power to appoint committees on 
the Government. 

Mr. GrAJlY : I suggest this amendment, " There shall be 
an Executive Committee, to be appointed by the Government, 
and four Standing Committees," naming them. 

The amendment was carried, and the article, as 
amended, was adopted. The remaining Articles of 
Section five and Section six were adopted. 

Mr. Gr. Li. W^ard: I call attention to Article third, 
Section fourth. It seems to me that it is necessary, as we have 
undertaken to define the duties of the Secretary, that a portion 
of the Article that we have stricken out should be restored. I 
refer to the passage " to prepare, under the direction of the 
Government, an Annual Report of the transactions and condition 
of the Association, with such statistical information as he may 
have collected under the direction of the Committee on Statis- 
tics, and, generally, to devote his best eiforts to forwarding the 
business, and advancing the interests, of the Association." I 
move a reconsideration of the vote whereby that article was 
adopted. 

Mr. La]VIMOT : If you will look at Article third. Section 
fifth, you will find that it provides that " The Committee on 
Statistics shall, with the aid of the Secretary, inquire after and 
collect statistical information relating to the growth and manu- 
facture of cotton," etc., and print it, covering the ground of the 
Secretary's duties. 

4 



26 PKELIMINARY CONVENTION. 

Mr. Ward: I think not. We want him to make a 
report, entirely separate and disconnected from anything else. 
I think that should be incorporated in the Article. 

The motion to reconsider was carried. 

Mr. ^YaPlD : I now move that so much of Article third, 
Section fourth, as relates to the establishment of an office for 
receiving and imparting information, and to the employment of 
a clerk by the Secretary, be stricken out. 

The amendment was adopted, and the Article, as 
amended, adopted. 

On motion of Gen. Pattersoj^, the Articles 
of Association and By-laws, as amended, were 
adopted, unanimously. 

On motion of Mr. Moeehead, a Committee 
on Permanent Organization and Officers, was ap- 
pointed, as follows : — 

Robert Patteeson, Pennsylvania. 
Benjamin Deford, Maryland. 
George P, Tiffany, Maryland. 

D. J. Johnston, New York. 

C. S. Smith, New York. 
Daniel Pratt, Alabama. 

E. R. Mudge, Massachusetts. 
George Brodie, Arkansas. 
W. T. HoRROBiN, Maine. 
David Callender, Virginia. 
Abram Murdock, Alabama. 
J. R. King, New Jersey. 
David S. Brown, Pennsylvania. 

D. Lammot, jun., Delaware. 
George L. Ward, Massachusetts. 
J. O. Waterman, Rhode Island. 
B. B. Lenoir, Tennessee. 

On motion of Mr. Gary, the Convention then 
adjourned, to meet at half-past seven in the 
evenino:. 



PRELIMINARY CONVENTION. 



27 



Evening Session. 

The Convention was called to order at eight 
o'clock, by the President. 

Gen. Patteesox, from the Committee on Per- 
manent Organization, presented their report, and 
said: The Committee propose to leave it with tlie Govern- 
ment, who are to have charge of this matter, to complete the 
list. We submit the ibllowinir nominations: — 



OFFICERS. 

AMOS A. LAWRENCE, Boston, Mass. 



W. p. Haines, Bidcleford, Me. 
E. A. Straw, Maucliester, N. H. 
P. L. RoBixsoN, Bennington, Vt. 
E. R. MuDGE, Boston, Mass, 
Gardiner Greene, Norwich, Ct. 
Henry Lippitt, Providence, R. I. 
D. J. Johnston, Cohoes, N. Y. 
George Christie, Patersou, N. J. 
William Divine, Philadelp'a, Pa. 
D. Lammot, jr., Wilmington, Del. 
James A. Gary, Baltimore, Md. 



r^sibents. 

D. Callent)er, Petersburg, Va. 
J. T. Morehead, Reidsville, N. C. 
L. D. Child, Columbia, S. C. 
W. E. Jackson, Augusta, Ga. 
Daniel Pratt, Prattville, Ala. 
J. W. Wesson, Wesson, Miss. 
George Brodie, Little Rock, Ark. 

B. B. Lenoir, Lenoir, Tenn. 

H. D. Newcomb, Louisville, Ky- 
Adolphus Meyer, St. Louis, Mo. 

C. H. Gould, Cincinnati, Ohio. 



J^iiraHt* Committer. 
George L. Ward, Massachusetts. 
Wm. Goddard, Rhode Island. I David S. Brown, Pennsylvania. 

Charles S. Smith, New York. I George P. Tiffany, Maryland. 

statistical €ommitttt. 
EwD. Atkinson, Massachusetts. 
Aaron P. Osmond, Delaware. I E. O. Abbott, Connecticut. 

B. F. NouRSE, Massachusetts. | James Hajmilton, Mississippi. 

Placljincrji Committee. 
A. D. LocKwooD, Maine. 
W. T. HoRROBiN, Maine. I Robert Johnston, New York. 

Richard Garsed, Ponnsj-lvania. 1 H. N. Gambrill, Maryland. 



:^> 



28 



PEELIMINARY CONVENTION, 



|lafa Patirial Committee. 
B. F. NouESE, Massachusetts. 
James B. King, Georgia. I Charles C. Taber, New York. 

ABR.V3I MuRDOCK, Alabama. | Tiiojias J. Bordex, Massachus'ts. 



HEifRY V. "Ward, of Massachus'ts. 

W. A. Burke, 

JosiAH Baedwell, 

Samuel Batchelder, 

Richard D. Rogers, 

John Webster, 

George L. Ward, 

James Y. Smith, of Rhode Island. 

MoSES B. LOCKWOOD, ,, 

Amos N. BECia\aTH, ,, 

WiLLLVJNi S. Slater, ,, 

Amasa Sprague, ,, 

Thomas J. Hill, ,, 

George W. Chapin, ,, 



ttors. 
A. D. Smith, of Rhode Island, i 
Augustine Haixes, of Maine,^^'^ 
Samuel W. Johnson, of N. York. 
Aechibald Campbell, of Penn. 
Baelow H. Jexks, 
Denxis Ivelly, 
David S. BEO'mf, 
Robert Patterson, 
Richard Garsed, 
John Farnum, 
Willl\3i Kennedy, Maryland. 

BENJA3IIN DeFORD, ,, 

W. H. Baldwin, jr., „ 



On motion of Mr. S. "W. Joecnson", the report 
was accepted. 

Mr. G. L. WakD : We left some vacancies in the list 
of Directors. We did it purposely, because we were not quite 
certain about appointments at the extreme points. The ques- 
tion is whether these vacancies can be better filled by this 
meeting, from the extreme South, or whether we shall leave 
them in the hands of the Government to be filled by them. 

After a discussion of the constitutionaUty of 
delegating to the Government the appointment of 
original members of their own body, the meeting 
proceeded to elect three more Directors, so as to 
make the full minimum number of thirty. 
The follomng gentlemen were elected: — 
Mr. Thomas J. Haedemais^, of Macon, Georgia, 
nominated by Mr. James B. Kin"G, of Georgia; 
Mr. Benjajniin^ Micoi!^', of Tallassee, Alabama, 
nominated by Mr. Dai^iel Pratt, of that State ; 
Mr. Abeahajvi S. Humphries, of Mississippi, nom- 
inated by Mr. Abram Murdock, of that State. 



PRELIMINAEY CONVENTION. 29 

On motion of Gen. Patteesoi"^, it was voted 
that the Government be authorized to add, at its 
discretion, from ten to twenty names to the list of 
its Directors, so as to inckide, if possible, some 
representative from each State. 

On motion of Mr. Lammot, the report of the 
Committee was adopted. 

Mr. MuDGE: I move that one thousand copies of the 
proceedings of this meeting be printed and circulated among 
the members of the Association. 

Mr. MuRDOCK : Would it not be well to print a larger 
number, and connect with the proceedings something in the 
form of a circular, stating that it is desirable to enlist the sym- 
pathies of planters and manufacturers throughout the entire 
nation, and circulate among those outside of our immediate 
Association ? "We want, if I understand it, not only to interest 
manufacturers, but planters in this matter, and how can they be 
better informed in regard to it, than by our i^ublishing circulars? 
I move to amend by increasing our number to two thousand. 

Mr. MuDGE accepted the amendment. 

Gen. PatterSOIST : It is very important to bring all the 
planters in. There are many things that you, gentlemen of the 
South, will have to do to protect yourselves and us. 

The loss sustained by manufacturei's in the North has been 
exceedingly severe from fraudulent packing. It has not been 
intentional, I believe, on the part of the planters. It has some- 
times been done heretofore by stupid or unscrupulous overseers. 
One swindled by putting in improper materials, another by 
making the bale about two-thirds size, so that a purchaser had 
to pay as much for transportation, cartage, and storage for a 
bale of 300 pounds, as he would have had to pay for one of 550 
pounds. A law must be passed by Congress, requiring planters 
to put their names upon every bale of cotton, and holding 
them responsible for any. false packing. That is the law all 
over the civilized world. It is the law in China. 

Let this matter be met fairly, — let the cotton producer and 
the cotton spinner come together, and agree upon such measures 
as shall be productive of the general good, and the result will 
be most beneficial. 



30 PRELIMINARY CONVENTION. 

Mr. Geo. L. "Waiid : I am very glad this question has 
been brought up. We received at the Boston Board of Trade, 
some six montlis ago, a communication from the Philadelphia 
Board of Trade on the subject of Tare on Cotton. The matter 
was taken up by our Board, and a committee appointed, of 
which I had the honor to be chairman. We investigated the 
subject and made a report and sent it to the different Boards 
of Trade and to the dealei's in cotton, requesting them to 
respond, suggesting the best method of meeting the difficulties. 
I have in my possession many letters which have been received 
in reply. This is a very important question, and one that ought 
to be met promptly, and followed up till the evil we complain 
of is abated. When a bale of cotton is sent to Liverpool and 
sold in the market, tare is allowed, of five per cent, — twenty- 
five pounds on a bale ; sometimes more than that. The actual 
tare, whatever it may be, they generally intend to find out and 
deduct. With us this custom does not j^revail. I have bought 
cotton where there were thirty-five pounds of baling material, 
for which of course no allowance was made. Some ten or 
fifteen years ago, I think the ordinary weight of baling mate- 
rial was from twelve to fifteen pounds; now we find, by actual 
weight, that it averages about twenty-five pounds. We find 
sometimes the gunny cloth wrapped round the whole bale, 
once and a half. Then we find instead of five or six small 
ropes, nine or ten large ropes or hoops, these large ropes tied in 
great knots, and ends left dangling a yard long. I have bought 
that A^ery material, and paid for it at the rate of almost two 
dollars a pound ; in fi^ct, I have known instances where tlie 
baling cost more than the average cost of a bale of cotton 
before the war. We find also that in many instances, iron hoops 
are used, twice as many as there is any occasion for, frequently 
they are bound together by heavy keys of half pound weight 
each. I hope a committee will be appointed to consider this 
subject, and see if we cannot adopt the foreign custom of 
deducting the Tare. The accomplishment of this, is one of the 
important objects, I hope this Association Avill be able to bring 
about. 

The PresideIS'T : Gentlemen, we are getting from the 
track. The question before us is u|K)n the motion to print 2,000 
copies of the Proceedings and By-Laws. 



PRELIMINARY CONVENTION. ol 

Mr. Bkodie, of Arkansas : Would it not be well to 
appoint a committee to draw up an address to manufacturers 
and growers of cotton, to be published with the report ? I do 
not wish to make the motion, but I suggest whether it would 
not be advantageous. 

Mr. MUDGE : I think that would fall within the province 
of the Government. They will attend to that. 

The question was then put on the motion to 
print 2,000 copies of the Proceedings, and carried. 

Mr. H. Y. Ward read a note from the Hon. 
Amos A. Lawrence, President elect of the Asso- 
ciation", stating that he was unable to attend the 
Convention, on account of sickness in his family. 

Mr. MuRDOCK: If gentlemen are at leisure for a 
moment or two, I would like to bring a single question before 
them. • • 

I speak now as a planter, not as a manufacturer, although, 
unfortunately, I am both. The point we have got to look after 
here is to get cheap cotton, or rather a uniform price for cotton. 
It do n't make much difference what the price is, so that it is 
uniform. I do n't think the fluctuations in the price of cotton 
have been any worse for the manufacturer than they have for 
the producer. 

The general idea is that the South has lost its ability to 
produce cotton to compete with other countries. This is a 
mistake,— the worst sort of a mistake, — a mistake which every 
gentleman from the South knows full well. I will prove it to 
you in a nutshell. Just after the crash in 1837, 8, and 9, the 
South was in most fearful difficulties, from which she was 
relieved by the old Bankrupt Act. During the twenty years 
from 1841 to 1861, when the war broke out, cotton averaged 
at our Gulf Ports about 8|- cents a pound. In 1861, cotton 
having been for these twenty years 8| cents a pound, we were 
the richest agricultural people per capita^ that the sun shone 
ujjon, counting negroes and all. Now, unless the experience of 
both Old and New England is to be falsified, we can make 
more money with free labor than we did with slave labor. I 
take it for granted, that there is not a gentleman in this room 



32 PRELIMINARY CONVENTION. 

who does not understand that free labor will produce cotton at 
a less rate than slave labor. That has not been our trovible. 
Our trouble has been that we have not had free labor nor slave 
labor. Since 1865, we have had no labor at all. We have had 
no labor that could be enforced, nor any voluntary labor that 
could be relied upon at all. The negroes are doing a little bet- 
ter this year than they did last year, as I have learned, (I have 
been in Europe myself for the last few months,) and we are 
getting emigrants in, and our friends on the other side of the 
water are disposed to aid us in getting emigrants. We want 
muscle, and that is all, to give you abundance of cotton, and 
at low prices. If you will give us ten cents a pound for cotton, 
we can make money. I know what I am talking about. I am 
growing cotton myself, and poor as the crops have been for the 
last three years, I have made money. It is a mistake to say 
that it cannot be done. It can be done, and no mistake about 
it. I know this statement will be regarded as exaggerated or 
untrue. I know it is contrary to the received opinion ; but I 
think I understand arithmetic as well as most people 'do, partic- 
ularly the multiplication table. Certainly, when I have put out 
a certain amount of money, I know whether I have got any- 
thing left or not ; and I know it is true, all croaking to the 
contrary, notwithstanding. 

So far as regards the matter of regulating the packing of 
cotton, you have it all in your own hands. 

When the time comes that we shall be able to make our own 
laws, we will regulate this matter in a proper way. 

Mr. MoEEHEAD, of Kortli Carolina : I beg to enter 
a protest as to the cost of producing cotton. For many rea- 
sons which did not exist before the wai-, cotton cannot now be 
produced in North Carolina with profit at less than 14 or 15 
cents, and this last crop cost more than that, in some instances. 

The Convention then adjourned without day. 



FIKST MEETING 



GOVERNMENT OF THE ASSOCIATION. 



Pursiiant to a call, issued by the President, a 
meeting of the Government of the National Asso- 
ciation of Cotton Manufacturers and Planters was 
held at the rooms of the Boston Board of Trade, 
on Wednesday, June 10, 1868. Thirty-five gentle- 
men responded in person to the calL 

The meeting was called to order soon after 
twelve o'clock by the President, the Hon. Amos 
A. Lawrence, who made the following remarks : 

ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. 

The members of the Association in this vicinity wish to ex- 
press their sense of obligation to you, 'gentlemen, who have 
taken pains to come here from other sections of the country. 
In their behalf I thank you for your presence here, and bid you 
welcome to Boston. 

The creation of this organization is one of the necessities of 
the times. The growth of our cotton manufactures has been 
so rapid, and that interest is now so vast, that we can no longer 
refuse to be associated for protection against hostile legislation, 
and for the purpose of giving direction and character to its 
future development. 

Besides this, the cotton growers have asked us to join with 
them and to see whether, we cannot do something to raise up 
that great 'interest to its former position. We think we can. 
And when we help them we help ourselves, for our welfare is 
mutual. The two together form the great interest in the 
country, and whatever we do to foster and rightly to direct it, 

5 



34: FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 

is for the good of all. If this organization of ours is made as 
extensive as we design, it will be the most powerful, and if 
(^ well directed, the most useful one in the country. 

The production of cotton cloth increased 76 per cent between 
1850 and 1860, making it in the latter year 46 J yards for each 
individual in the United States ; thus giving to each individual 
for use 11 yards more in 1860 than 1850; and nearly as much 
as the whole annual consumption of domestic cotton goods of 
each person in 1830. 

There are now in the country about 6,400,000 spindles, which 
cost $25 each, or $160,000,000. The capital used to work them 
is not less than 112.50 a spindle, which is $80,000,000 more, 
making $240,000,000. To this sum must be added all the capi- 
tal invested in shops for making cotton machinery and all that 
which is employed in producing the "supplies" of the mills, 
which is not less than $20,000,000 more, or $260,000,000 in all. 

Seven years ago we manufactured only one-seventh of the 
cotton produced in the United States ; now we manufacture 
one-third. Whenever we begin again to export cotton goods, 
as we did in 1860, the manufacturers will require much more. 

The estimated number of 6,400,000 spindles, which have been 
running during the past winter, have produced 3f skeins (aver- 
aging 24 to the pound) per day, or 16,000 bales of cotton, of 
460 pounds, per week, which is 832,000 bales a year. This is 
higher than the average. Even now many factories are par- 
tially stopped by the scarcity and high price of the raw 
material. 

If the cotton growers had known what was doing here (and 
we mean that all those who join with us shall hereafter know), 
they would not have sold half their crop for export at a loss 
before the middle of last January. 

The vitality shown by this great manufocturing interest 
during the last seven years has been striking. If we had been 
told that the price of the raw material would advance from 
12 cents a pound in 1861, to $1.90 in 1864, and would then fall 
to 40 cents in 1865, and to 15|- cents in 1867, we should have 
foretold the ruin of all engaged in it. Yet the failures have 
been few. Fortunately the profits came first, and gave strength 
to bear the heavy losses afterward. 

Gentlemen, let us push forward this organization. To the 
manufacturei's we can promise reliable information which will 



riRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 35 

enable them to extend their business with diminished risk. We 
can promise them protection against unjust chiims for patent 
rights, and protection against hasty and unjust legislation. 

To the cotton growers we can promise an increased supply 
of capital, and of improved machines for cultivating and 
cleaning their crop. We will make it known that there is in 
this country greater capability to produce good cotton than in 
any other country, and even greater than in all others. We 
will help them to regain the markets of Europe which they 
have lost, and we will make for them a larger market at home. 
We Avill show them that they can manufacture the heavy 
staple goods at the South and on the great thorougfares of the 
West cheaper than we can at the North ; and we will help them 
to do that ; and they must help us advance to new and finer 
fabrics. 

QUALlFICATIOiSrS FOR MEMBERSHIP. 

A call being made for the nomination of mem- 
bers of the Association, some discussion arose as 
to the qnalifications for membership. 

Mr. Straw, of JSTew Hampshire, offered the fol- 
lowing resolution, stating that he did so in order 
to bring the question directly before the meeting : 

Resolved, That no person should be proposed as a member 
of the Association who is not directly interested either in grow- 
ing or manufacturing cotton., 

Mr. G. L. Ward, of Massachusetts: It seems to 

me very desirable to bring in some of the principal cotton 
fictors in the Southern cities. They are in direct communica- 
tion with the planters, and through them we can get a vast deal 
of information. 

I would like to ask how the resolution would affect the man- 
ufacturers of cotton machinery ? It is one of the advantages 
of the Association to bring together the maker of cotton 
machinery and the maker of cotton goods. 

Mr. Edmakds, of Massachusetts: It seems to me 
that the resolution might have a. much wider application than 
gentlemen suppose. 



36 FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 

I see on the list of officers a gentleman who has been referred 
to as full of statistics, who will probably be able to furnish to' 
the Association as much aid as any other man. He would be 
cut off by the resolution. 

Mr. BiGELOW: The same question came up in the Wool 
Manufacturers Association, and it was finally decided to admit 
not only the manufacturers of wool, but the machine makers, 
and the dealers in wool, — all classes who were interested in the 
progress of the woolen industry of the country, and we have 
derived some of our most valuable statistical information from 
dealers in wool. 

Mr. DefOKD, of Maryland: I believe the resolution 
explains the position of the Association sufficiently. 

If the membership is confined to cotton manufacturers and 
planters, all the purposes of its organization will have been 
answered. It will then be full large enough without expanding 
it to those various minor branches of the interest. 

Mr. Callendee, of Yirginia: What is this "being 
interested ? " Does the ownership of stock, without any per- 
sonal interest in the management of a mill, constitute eligibility 
to membship ? 

The resolution having been withdrawn by the 
mover, the meeting proceeded to elect members of 
the Association. Sixty-three gentlemen, having 
been proposed in ivriting, were elected members. 

The following gentlemen were elected Directors 
for the current year : Col. Edward Haeeison, of 
Montgomery, Ala., Mr. L. D. Blackstone, of 
Norwich, Ct., and Messrs. J. Wiley Edmands, 
Eeastus B. Bigelow, William Amoey, and 
Geoege C. RicHAEDSOJf, of Boston. 
• 

THE TARE ON COTTON. 

Mr. G. L. Ward: Mr. President — I would like now 
to call the attention of this meeting to the question of tare on 
cotton. It is not necessary to occupy much time in explaining 
to an audience of manufacturers the importance of this subject. 



FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 37 

Formerly when Kentucky hemp bagging was in use, the cover- 
ing on a bale of cotton only weighed from twelve to fifteen 
pounds. More recently it has become the custom to use a very 
heavy India bagging, and, in consequence, the baling material 
weighs now from twenty to thirty-five pounds. I think it will 
average twenty-five pounds, or fully five ^^er cent on the weight 
of the cotton. As this India bagging, or gunny cloth, costs 
but ten cents in currency to-day, and cotton is selling for 
thirty cents, every extra pound of bagging or rope put into a 
bale of cotton yields the planter twenty cents profit, and causes 
a corresponding loss to the manufiTcturer. This is a heavy 
tax, and it is increasing instead of diminishing, and can only 
be remedied by legislative enactment, or by the combined action 
of the manufacturers ; and whatever action we take should be 
with the view of having it take ^fiect on the first of Septem- 
ber, the commencement of the cotton year. 

I would add that it is important, in another view of the 
subject, that we secure a deduction of tare on cotton. I refer to 
the fact that in Liverpool, and also in all European markets, 
when cotton is sold, the actual weight of the baling material is 
deducted. This is a rule that is rigidly enforced, placing the 
American consumer at an obvious disadvantage in the purchase 
of cotton. Indeed, this deduction of tare made to the English 
spinner frequently amounts to more than enough to pay the 
freight on the cotton from New Orleans to Liverpool. I hope 
before the meeting finally adjourns, some decisive action will be 
taken on this subject. 

Mr. MuDGE : I will inquire what the tare is at Liverpool. 

Mr. "W^ARD : The regular tare is five per cent. Where 
there is irregularity, they deduct the actual tare. 

Mr. "W. H. Baldwin, of Baltimore: On roped 

bales, four; on hooped, six. A few days ago, I stripped four 
bales, one with iron on it. The iron weighed 10|- pounds. 
Two of the others were from North Carolina, and the rope on 
one weighed seven pounds, on the other, eight. The fourth 
bale was from South Carolina, and the rope weighed only 4|- 
jjounds. North Carolina puts more rope and bagging on than 
any other section of the country. I prefer to buy Georgia 
cotton for that reason. 



38 FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 

Mr. Gaksed, of Pennsylvania: Beside the use of 
needless rope, iron, and bagging, there is probably no article of 
merchandise of which so little care is taken in the handling. 
It is rolled in the mud, and the bagging is torn until perhaps 
five or six pounds of cotton are ruined. There is no compari- 
son between the condition of cotton from China or Japan, or 
the East Indies, and of cotton from North Carolina. 

Mr. NOURSE : For the purpose of bringing the topic 
before us, I move the appointment of a Committee upon tare, 
to report as early as possible. 

This is an evil that ought to be corrected. Practically, there 
would be no great difference between the English consumer 
and the American, because as soon as we save the four, five, or 
six per cent which we now lose by the tare, naturally, in the 
adjustment of the relations between the markets, we shall pay 
four, five, or six per cent more for our cotton. But there are 
other losses arising from this, which ought to be avoided. 

Most cotton leaves the plantation with light ropes, or with 
ropes, at any rate, and it is only when it is pressed for shipment 
that the iron bands are put on, so that it is the shipper, not the 
planter, who gets the advantage. 

1 think tlie statements of Mr. Ward, as to the loss by bag- 
ging and rope, would apply rather to the times during the war, 
when the bagging and rope amounted to 24 and 26 pounds on 
a bale, and light bales at that. It takes heavy iron bands to 
bring the per cent over 4|-. In the usual bagging, it is only 4^ 
per cent, as I have found by statistics at several mills during 
the last two years. 

Mr. BatCHELDER: I would like to hear from Mr. 
Bartlett, who has been engaged in buying cotton in Texas. 

Mr. Bartlett, of Texas : In Texas, before the war, 
there was a law requiring an allowance of one per cent for tare. 
That law has now been repealed, and they are ordered to weigh 
with an even beam. We have found great fault with the law, 
but we have no redress. We often find our cotton heavily 
covered, and with one or two superfluous bands. Iron bands 
are used, as much safer. 

In going to Liverpool, the tare is usually reckoned at five or 
six per cent. I don't see how there is anything to be done, 



FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 39 

when, as in Texas, there is a statute directly opposed to get- 
ting the tare adjusted. 

The social condition of Texas is much improved. Any gen- 
tleman, from North or South, will be treated there with courtesy. 
The people wish to develop the resources of the State. They 
are carrying their railroads in every direction, to the extent of 
their means. 

We are trying to raise cotton from Egyptian seed, and so 
far with good results. The yield has been large, and, what is 
remarkable, so far, the worm does it no harm. It produces a 
long staple, similar to the Sea Island, and very excellent. 

Mr. Gr. L. "\YakD : This evil can only be reached by 
the united action of cotton people. We must induce the 
manufacturers to pledge themselves not to buy any cotton after 
September first, unless the tare is deducted. No matter what 
the State of Texas, or any other State may enact. Their cot- 
ton has got to come north, and let us demand that we be 
treated in respect to that cotton, as we treat those to whom we 
sell goods, and as other people treat us of whom we buy goods. 

Mr. I^OUPlSE: I will suggest that the statute regu- 
lations of the South will govern in the markets of the South, 
and the only way in which this can be met, is the way in which 
it is met in England, — by statute regulation. If the States of 
New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connec- 
ticut, will enact that cotton shall be sold in their markets subject 
to actual tare, or to a constructive or average one, then it will be 
so sold. I apprehend there is no other way of regulating it. 
As for obtaining the pledge of the manufacturers of the coun- 
try, it is an impossibility. They must buy where they can lay 
in their stock to the best advantage. This evil can be reached 
by bringing an influence to bear, through this Association, upon 
the markets at the North. 

Now, sir, I think every one who has been shipping cotton 
from southern ports to New York for the last two years 
(I mean commercial, speculative, shippers), will say he has lost 
from five to ten pounds a bale in weight. I think, in this mar- 
ket, it averages about four pounds a bale, because we do not 
enjoy the same advantages in buying here, in getting allow- 
ances for muddy cotton and cotton otherwise injured, and for 
extra bagging and rope, that they do in New York. The 



4D FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVDRNMENT. 

allowances there are pretty strictly claimed, because the damage 
is very great, and the requirements in regard to bagging are 
strictly enforced, especially for shipping, and the manufacturer 
gets the advantage of it. In this market, very little cotton is 
bought for export. 

The question was then put, and the motion for 
the appointment of a committee carried. 

Mr. Deford, of Maryland : I suggest that it would 

be well for the President to take time to appoint a committee 
that would be a working committee, and embrace the 
planting as well as the manufacturing interest, and that the 
number should be extended to ten or twelve, for you would 
need, in starting such an affair, as much influence as could prop- 
erly be brought to beai*. The cotton crop will be coming along 
in a few months, and, in my judgment, a movement ought to be 
made at once, so that we may not be said to take the planters 
by surprise. Let us have some of our friends in all the south- 
ern i^orts, to advocate the system on the ground of equity. 

I think it for the manufacturer's interest to get the trade in 
cotton into proper commei-cial shape. I therefore move that 
the committee consist of ten. 

Mr. GtARY: I move as an amendment that the Com- 
mittee on Raw Material take the subject of tare into considera- 
tion, and report at as early a day ae possible. 

Mr. Bourse : As a member of the Raw Material Com- 
mittee, I second the views of Mr. Deford, that it is much 
better to have a special committee designated for this subject, 
to give it a thorough examination and report. The motion 
which has been adopted for the appointment of a committee 
of three contemplated an immediate report to this meeting. I 
think it would be well for that committee to be appointed, to 
re2:)ort now some course of action, such, for instance, as the 
appointment of a larger committee on the subject. They cer- 
tainly could not give the subject the consideration to which it 
is entitled. 

Mr. JoHXSTON", of 'New York : I think this matter a 
very important one, and that the Committee on Raw Material 
is able to take hold of it, and to prepare a memorial to be sent 
to the cotton brokers throughout the Union. 



FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 41 

This false and fraudulent packing is not to be charged on the 
majority of the planters. All we need is some mode of tracing 
the cotton back to the parties who sent it to market. I think 
if this committee will take the matter in hand, and act with 
the bi'okers, they can settle it much better than by having the 
cotton manufacturers take hold of it. 

Mr. Gr. L. "W^ARD: We have tried that, we have been 
in communication with the brokers six months, but there is no 
way of reaching the matter, but by statute, or by the action of 
the manufacturers. 

Mr. GrARSED : We can get a lesson on this subject from 
the Japanese and Chinese. Inside of every bale of cotton 
from China or Japan is the name and address of the grower. 
I have used a great many hundreds of bales of that cotton, 
and I never found oue that contained a pound less than the 
proper weight, or of which the quality was not uniform. Can 
we not require the planter to put his name on the inside of 
every bale of Cotton he makes ? 

Mr. Browk, of Pennsylvania: This matter has 
engaged the attention of the Board of Trade in Philadelphia 
for some years past. Unquestionably we ought not to continue 
to discriminate against ourselves, in favor of the foreign manu- 
facturer, by allowing interest and tare, and giving them greater 
facilities for reclamations than we have. I would suggest that 
the Board add three gentlemen to the Committee on Raw 
Material to take this subject into consideration and report at a 
future meeting of the Directors. 

Mr. Johnson", of 'New York: As far as the Chinese 

practice is concerned, it is, as Mr. Garsed well knows, the 
result of governmental regulations. It is only through the 
legislatures of New York and of Massachusetts that we shall 
ever be able to get any satisfaction. 

Mr. TV^ARD: The next season commences in September. 
We must act at once, and appoint a committee who will bring 
an influence to bear upon the right parties. 

Mr. Gary: It is for this very reason that we have given 
the Boston members a quorum in the Government. Thoy can 
meet in a week to receive the report of this committee. 

6 



42 FIKST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 

Boston has eleven Directors, and only nine are required for a 
quorum. They can call a meeting next week, if they choose, to 
receive the report of the committee, and disseminate their 
views through the country. 

The question being put on the motion of Mr. 
GrARY, it was lost. 

The President announced the committee as fol- 
lows : Messrs. Bourse, Bokdeis-, and G. L. Wakd. 

COMMUNICATIONS READ. 

The Secretary read a letter from Mr. Lammot, 
announcing the death of Mr. Aaron P. Osmond, 
of Delaware, a member of the Statistical Com- 
mittee. 

The Secretary also read a number of extracts 
from various letters received by him, making in- 
quiries and suggestions in regard to different mat- 
ters of interest in connection with the cotton 
manufacture, which were referred to the appro- 
priate committees. 

On motion of Mr. Borden, it was voted, that so 
much of the communications presented at this 
meeting as relates to any action of this Association 
in relation to the control of labor, be not received 
as pertinent matter for the consideration of this 
Association. 

COSUMPTION OF COTTON. 

Mr. Bourse, in behalf of the Statistical Com- 
mittee, and in the necessary absence, as he stated, 
of the Chairman, Mr. Atkinson, presented a par- 
tial report, as follows : — 

The Statistical Committee report jDrogress, that circulars 
were sent out by the Secretary, under counsel of the Committee, 
addressing to all cotton manufacturers the inquiries which are 



FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 43 

familiar to the members, in regard to the number of spindles, 
consumption of cotton, &c. 

Of the 1,111 circulars so issued, only 202 have been answered. 

These 202 represent 2,427,993 spindles, and their aggregate 
consumption of cotton is 153,626,521 pounds, or 334,000 bales 
of 460 i^ounds each per annum — equal to 63 pounds per spindle. 

Assuming the whole number of spindles as 6,475,000 (which 
number is the result of our average of the best information and 
estimates so far accessible to the Committee), the returns rep- 
resent about three-eighths of the whole, and indicate that for the 
whole, ^^ro rata^ there are required 886,800 bales, or 407,925,000 
pounds per annum. 

These returns, however, woiild afford a product of yarn aver- 
aging less than 18 hanks to the pound, allowing 3 J hanks per 
day for 300 days. Obviously this is much coarser than the 
average product of all the mills in the country, which it is 
believed can hardly be less than No. 24 yarn. It follows that 
the returns are from mills producing chiefly of heavier goods, 
and these have to be corrected by the addition of the returns 
from the mills producing print-cloths and other light fabrics. 

But the Committee find these imperfect returns contain 
information and suggestions of great importance, especially as 
they show that all the cotton statistics of the American crop 
and its distribution, as published, are erroneous and unreliable, 
to an extent which already demonstrates the usefulness of this 
part of the work of the Association, and, when fully ascertained, 
will probably show, not only that the cotton crop of 1867-8 is 
materially larger than has been supposed, but that, the surplus 
having been consumed in the United States, the relative posi- 
tion of the cotton manufacturing interest in our country is 
enlarged in even greater proportion. 

Mr. MuDGE : I think that Mr. Nouese has shown that 
the system which he has inaugurated in his committee will be 
of great benefit to the Association, 

In proof that he is in the main correct in the general state- 
ment as to the amount of cotton that has come foi'ward, which 
is not reported by the Board of Trade or the Cotton Brokers' 
Association of New York, I can say that the whole of my 
cotton for the Victory Mills, in Saratoga County, N.Y., has 
come inland with a throuijh bill of ladinsr from the town of 



44: FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 

Selma. Of course, it has not been reported anywhere. I dare 
say my neighbor Mr. Johnstox can give you similar informa- 
tion. 

The report of the Statistical Committee was 
accepted and ordered on file. 

CLAIMS FOR ALLOWANCE. 

Mr. MuDGE : There is a subject which I think might fairly 
come before the Government for consideration. I speak of 
claims on the part of purchasers of goods for alleged damage 
or imperfection of manufocture. 

I will, wath your permission, read a report on the subject 
which was made by a committee of the Wool Manufacturers' 
Association and approved by the Government of that Asso- 
ciation. 

The evil had become very serious. After the great decline 
in prices, last summer, some very large houses claimed these 
allowances, declaring that they would buy no more goods of 
the manufacturers who did not make them. In some cases, the 
accounts had been made up six months, and had been settled 
four months and the goods paid for. 

This is the report : — 

" The Committee to whom was referred the consideration of 
the subject of Claims for Allowances on Goods, beg leave 
to report that they have, after much reflection, and examination 
of the matter, arrived at the following conclusions : — 

"First. That the subject of claims on woolen goods for 
alleged imperfections in manufacture, inferiority of quality, 
short weight or measure, should be treated in such a general 
manner, and by the same rules as those which govern all sales 
of merchandise. 

" Second. While certain rights should be conceded to the 
buyer, the seller should be equally protected by a just recogni- 
tion of the fact, that fair dealing is aimed at on both sides, and 
therefore claims made for allowance in price, or for an abroga- 
tion of a contract or sale, should only be allowed after the 
establishment, by the purchaser, of the fact, that the goods 
which may have been delivered may be found to have varied 



FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 45 

from a sample shown in an unusual manner, or of a misrepre- 
sentation by the seller of the quality or condition of the 
merchandise sold. 

" Third. Goods sold by sample, if the sample shown were 
to be a single piece or " swatch," should be sold and purchased 
as liable to the usual variations in weight and manufacturers' 
imperfections ; for it is well known to dealers in woolen fabrics 
that no two pieces, much less a larger number, can be entirely 
similar. Hence a claim that a lot of goods should be precisely 
like the sample shown would not be founded in reason, and 
therefore could not be entertained by the seller. 

"Fourth. Respecting manufacturers' variations in color, 
weight of goods, &c,, &c., while it is impossible to define them 
positively, it would be well to have it understood that the 
manufacturer or dealer cannot be obliged to guarantee more 
than average excellence in his goods ; in other words, that 
goods sold by sample should be presumed to run through the 
lot in fair merchantable strength, weight, and quality, to be 
judged by the common average of similar fabi'ics, and not by 
any one piece or case. 

" Fifth. Limit of time which claims can be made. This is 
perhaps the most important part of the subject, as all other 
matters of difference might be settled by reference to samples, 
or as hereto suggested. Your Committee have taken pains to 
acquaint themselves with the general feeling among manufac- 
turers, importers, and jobbers of woolens, and, after carefully 
weighing the arguments in favor of a longer or shorter time, 
beg leave respectfully to recommend the adoption of sixty days 
as the extreme limit of time in which claims, excepting for 
short measure caused by clerical or accidental errors in packing, 
or where goods have been packed in a fraudulent manner, can 
be made. Some among the many reasons which have influ- 
enced your Committee in coming to this oj^inion, are the 
following : — 

" 1. It is necessai-y that a time should be fixed, after which 
claims may not be allowed, in order that manufacturers and 
others may be able to make up their accounts on a positive 
basis. 

" 2. In the purchase of raw materials, the manufacturer is 
bound, by the law of mercantile usage, to make his reclamations 
within a limited time, which is much shorter than that which.it 



46 FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 

is proposed he shall allow to his customers. So far as the 
inquiries of your Committee have extended, it would seem that 
no longer time is allowed for the examination and rejection of, 
or claim for allowance upon, goods in any other trade than that 
which is recommended. 

" It is hoped that this proposition will be adopted as a rule 
by every member of this Association ; as it would remove fi'om 
the trade one of the most prolific causes of unpleasant feeling 
connected with its prosecution, save much valuable time, and 
prevent suspicions, frequently unjust, to which buyers are sub- 
jected when a claim is brought forward after what is thought 
an unreasonable time has elapsed." 

This report was adopted for the Wool Manuficturers Asso- 
ciation, with the single amendment of reducing the time in 
which claims must be made from sixty to thirty days. 

I move the appointment of a special committee to take the 
subject of claims and allowances into consideration, and report 
at the next regular meeting of the Board. 

The motion prevailed, and the Chair appointed 
the committee, as follows : — 

E. E. MuDGE, of Massachusetts: S. W. Johx- 
soi!^, of N^ew York: and jAikiES Y. Smith, of 
Ehode Island. 

The meeting then adjourned to Thursday, at 11 
o'clock. 



SECOJS^D DAY'S PEOCEEDESTGS. 

THURSDAY, JUNE 11. 



The Government was called to order by the 
President, at 11 o'clock. 

The President called attention to the first ar- 
ticle of the first section of the By-laws, which 
declares that " all persons whose names are enrolled 
as members of the Convention of Cotton Manu- 
facturers and Planters, held at 'New York, April 
29, 1868, may become members by signing the 
Articles of Association," and stated that under 
that article should be included all to whom the call 
for the Convention was sent, whether they had 
actually attended the meeting in New York or not. 



TARE AND FALSE PACKING. 

Mr. Stevipson, of Alabama: I wish to defend the 

planters from the charges of fraud in packing their cotton, which 
were made yesterday. This thing, I beUeve, is very seldom 
done by them. It is either the work of the laborers, or of 
overseers, or packers, many of whom have learned their art at 
the North. 

Mr. JSToimsE, from the Special Committee on 
Tare, reported the following Pesolutions: 

Hesolved, That the manufacturers and others interested in 
eadh State be requested to petition the legislatures of their sev- 
eral States, for the enactment of laws requiring the allowance of 
tare upon all cotton sold in their States. 



48 FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 

Resolved, That the members of the Government of this 
Association in each State be and they are requested to give 
eiFect and direction to this movement. 

Resolved, That a committee of ten members be selected, 
from the various parts of the country, to prepare a full report 
upon this subject of Tare, and to re^jort some plan for the 
identification and tracing back to the person who shall have 
packed the bale, any false or fraudulently packed cotton, to be 
also made the subject of legislative enactment in tlie cotton- 
growing States. 

Mr. ^NTourse : I have lived many years at the South, and 
know some of their laws in regard to false packing. They are 
very stringent. In Georgia and South Carolina, and perhaps 
in all the cotton States, it is a felony. And I have known 
several instances where the false packing has consisted only in 
putting two kinds together, and the planter has abandoned it 
altogether, rather than risk a criminal prosecution. 

What Mr. Stimpson has said, is no doubt true of the plant- 
ers generally, but there are small producers of cotton who own 
no gin, and who are compelled to go to some owner of one near 
by. Should that man be dishonest, some of the cotton may be 
taken out, and something heavy put in its place. This is some- 
times done without question, and it will account for many 
instances of false delivery of cotton. 

We are passing through a transition period. We shall have 
to adopt new safeguards, and must appeal mainly to the laws of 
the cotton-growing States for protection. We cannot secure 
action before the next crop, but we can mature measures to 
bring the subject before all the States, north and south, in a 
way that shall carry conviction to the minds of the cotton 
growers. 

The report of the Committee was accepted. 

THE COMMITTEE ON STATISTICS. 

Mr. Atkintsont, of Massachusetts : I did not under- 
stand till yesterday that my name was put down for Chairman 
of the Committee on Statistics. Since the meeting in New 
York, I have been very much burdened with additional cares. 



FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 49 

and the work has gone on, and gone well under Mr. Nourse. 
I desire to resign as Chairman of the Committee, and to nomi- 
nate Mr. NouESE for the place, which rightly belongs to him. 
I do not decline acting on the Committee. 

Mr. ATKLsrsoisr was excused from serving as 
Chairman, and Mr. IN^ourse was chosen in his 
place. 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 

Mr. Batchelder, of Massachusetts: The By-laws 

provide for the appointment of an Executive Committee. I 
move, therefore, that an Executive Committee, to consist of 
seven members, including the President, who shall be ex officio 
Chairman, be appointed by the President. 

Mr. Batchelder's motion was adopted. 

The President appointed the following gentlemen 

members of the Executive Committee: 

George P. Tiffany, Maryland. 
Richard Garsed, Pennsylvania. 
Charles A. Nichols, Rhode Island. 
George L, Ward, Massachusetts. 
Henry Saltonstall, Massachusetts. 
William P. Haines, Maine. 

On motion of Mr. Mudge, it was voted that 
the subject of the Tariff be referred to the Execu- 
tive Committee. 

the cotton crop. 

The President called on Mr. Stimpsox, who had 
lately come from Alabama, for his opinion on the 
prospects of the crop for the present season. 

Mr. StIMPSON : The prospect for the present season is 
thought to be good. Many failed last season because they had 
to sell their cotton as soon as it was gathered, to pay for tlie 
expenses incurred. This was generally the case with persons 

7 



50 FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 

who went from here. The few who held on to their cotton 
were successful. I did this. The negroes, who had worked on 
shares, were impatient for their money, but I held on till prices 
rose, and they were then so pleased with the shares they re- 
ceived, that the next year we could get all the hands we want- 
ed. The cotton sold low with us in the first of the season, 
because it was all j^ushed into the market at once. 

I think if this Association', or any individuals through its 
influence, could help the planters to the small amount of means 
which they need to carry on their planting, it would be a very 
good thing. They have the machine. They only want a little 
oil to make it run. They offer to the capitalist handsome re- 
turns with the amplest security.* 

Mr. Garsed: I think there should be some effort to 
educate the people of the cotton-gi'owing States in manufac- 
tures and practical mechanics. Take out the needful gins and 
other machines, and see that the people are educated to a 
proper use of them. We are sufferers from their want of 
knowledge, and I am satisfied that if we should, if necessary, 
furnish the proper means of doing this work, it would be the 



* To show the correctness of liis statement as to the character of the security which 
Is now being offered in the cotton-growing States, Mr. Stimpson presented tlie form of 
a Crop Lien and Mortgage upon wliich money is borrowed in the State of Alabama. 

CROP LIEN AND MORTGAGE. 
STATE OF ALABAIVIA, 1 

MOBILE COUNTY. ) 

On or before the day of I promise to pay or order for 

this 186 

The consideration of this obligation, is an advance made by the said of said 

sum of in current funds, to purchase to the value above stated. And I do 

hereby declare the said sum was obtained by me bona fide, for the purpose of making 
a crop, and that without such advance it would not be in my power to procure the 

necessary to make a crop this year 186 And I do further declare that this 

instrument is to create and constitute a Lien on on my plantation, situated 

And this Lien on said is to continue until said debt is paid. I further bind 

myself in good faith to deliver the said crop as soon as ready for sale or shipment to 

and ship the same to the said and in default of paj-ment the aforesaid note I 

promise to deliver the aforesaid upon demand by said or Agent 

And the said or Agent — are hereby empowered and authorized to sell the 

property herein before mentioned to the highest bidders, at public outcry, for cash, at 
such time and place, and such notice as they may designate, and they are also author- 
ized and empowered to sell the said crop of in the City of Mobile, at private sale, if 

they prefer it to a public sale. I also waive all Extension or Stay Laws, or Military 
Orders in any manner conflicting with the enforcement of this Mortgage in good faith. 
Given under my hand and seal this day and date before written. 

[L.S.] 



FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT, 51 

best investment we could go into. The English spend millions 
of dollars for machines to save the labor of a few hundred men, 
and thus they save millions of dollars that would otherwise be 
wasted. I am sure that with a proper spirit, we of the New 
England and Middle States can promptly obtain what we are 
now desiring. I don't know how this is to be accomplished. I 
wish to call out the opinions of others, perhaps better posted 
than I am. 

Mr. ATKESrSOlSr : In the last Annual Report of the 
Boston Board of Trade is a report of a sjaecial committee in 
favor of the removal of the Cotton Tax. 

I wish to read extracts from a letter that appears in the ap- 
pendix to that report. It is from Mr. Thompson, one of the 
agents in this country of Platt Brothers & Co., of Oldham, 
England, the manufacturers of the Macarthy gin. He writes : 

" While in England, in 1864, 1 examined in detail the machin- 
ery which had then been altered and adapted to the manufacture 
of Surat cotton. This was then giving manufacturers a good 
deal of troixble, even for coarse yarns, on account of its being 
improperly baled, and the staple being badly cut in ginning ; 
and the work ran so badly that the operatives were only induced 
to remain in the mills, where Surat cotton had been substituted 
for American, by the stern necessity of obtaining a livelihood. 
But this year I found, to my surprise, but little objection in 
Europe to Surat cottons, for goods of coarse and medium num- 
bers. Upon careful investigation, I found that this was owing 
somewhat to further alterations and adaptations of machinery, 
but more especially to the improved quality of the cotton. 
This improvement ' was due mainly to the introduction into 
India of the Macarthy gin, made by Messrs. Platt Brothers 
& Co., of Oldham, England ; which has superseded nearly all 
others there. 

"In Hindostan, from time immemorial, a rude handmill, called 
a ' churka,' has been used for this purpose. It consists of a 
rude framework, bearing two rollers of teak wood, fluted 
lengthways by five or six grooves, and revolving nearly in con- 
tact. The cotton as it is drawn between the rollers, is freed 
from the seeds, they being too large to pass through. 

" Prior to our war, much of the cotton in that country was 
ginned in this primitive machine; which, I suppose, has re- 
mained for more than two thousand years without alteration or 



52 FIRST MEETING 'OF THE GOVERNMENT. 

improvement. With this machine, twenty persons could pro- 
duce only one hundred pounds of clean cotton in one day; 
while with the Macarthy hand gin, twelve inches wide, one man 
will produce eight pounds per hour. The same machine, forty 
inches wide, driven by water or steam power, will j^roduce thirty 
pounds per hour, or as much in ten hours as sixty persons pro- 
duce on the 'churka' in the same time. The Macarthy gin takes 
the cotton from the seed as clean, and with as little injury to 
the staple, as can be done by human fingers ; thus saving all 
the staple, and leaving the seed in much better condition for 
planting than from the saw gin. Doubtless this gin is destined 
to take the place of all others in our own country, both on 
account of its superior qualities, and because the hand gin is 
especially suited to those planters who raise but few bales, and 
cannot aiford the machinery and power required for the gin in 
present use. It is adapted to all staples of cotton ; and one of 
them can be seen in use by calling upon D. Keith, Esq., of 
Columbus, Georgia. For the past four years, Messrs. Platt 
Brothers & Co. have made and sent to India at the rate of 
nearly one thousand gins per month, and still the demand con- 
tinues. I was assured by many manufacturers, that it is a fact 
that cotton put through the Macarthy gin brings 1^ pence per 
pound more than the same cotton put through the American 
saw gin." 

Mr. StempsO*!^ : I think the plan which has been sug- 
gested, of supplying the gins an-d other machines to the planters, 
a good one. The whites are beginning to use the cultivator and 
similar machines. The negroes have not yet learned to do it. 
There must be something to take the place of the freed women 
in the field. They no longer work as they used to. They will 
pick the cotton, but they do not plant and cultivate it. 

Mr. Gr. L. Ward: To bring this subject more direct- 
ly before the meeting I offer the following : — 

Voted, That it is desirable and expedient that this Associa- 
tion make especial eflTorts to encourage the growing of cotton, 
by diiFusing among planters information in regard to the most 
approved agricultural implements and the best varieties of 
cotton seed and the most suitable fertilizers, as well as by dis- 
seminating reliable statistics of the cotton sui:>ply of the world. 



FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 53 

Mr. AtkestSON" : I hope that will pass. Two years ago 
I induced the Agricultural Department, at Washington, to get 
a supply of Egyptian cotton seed. It was laughed at a good 
deal, and said to be merely a variety of the Sea-Island cotton. 
It came out that it raised over eight hundred clean pounds to 
the acre. It was distributed over the South, but did not succeed 
very generally. One man in Texas, however, wrote me, that he 
would not sell what he had for half a dollar a seed. 

Mr. Baktlett, of Texas: I had some fifty or sixty 
of these seeds put into the gi'ound. The cotton, thoxigh ginned 
by the fingei's, was fully equal, if not superior, to the Sea-Island 
cotton, and what is peculiar to this seed, after it has become 
acclimated, it loses its darkish hue. It has been said, too, that 
the worm does not take hold of this stock, and that, being 
planted with other cotton, in the bloom it does not become con- 
taminated. 

Mr. Batciielder: One word about the Egyptian seed. 
A friend of mine, who has been south this season, told me that 
the planters, from prejudice or want of confidence, did not 
plant any whole field with Egyptian seed, but only alternate 
rows, and that these alternate rows escaped the ravages of the 
worm. The more we can make this important fact known, the 
more advantage we shall derive from it, as well as the planters. 
This is a black seed, and generally black seed has not produced 
so much as green seed, but the Egyptian seed has been very 
productive. 

Mr. Calleistdek, of Yirginia: It is hard to see 

how, for a long time, the production of the country can be 
restored. The j^eople of the South had rather make cotton 
than anything else, and the dissemination of information among 
the people would no doubt have an important influence. 

In old times, with an abundant supply of labor, the planters 
did not require machinery ; but noAV, when every stroke of 
labor must be paid for in money, I have no doubt the cotton 
planters will avail themselves of every improved machine which 
their means will allow them to buy. 

Mr. S. Baldwin, of Maryland : It is of the utmost 

importance that this Association, and the community through 
this Association, if in no other way, should realize that the 



54 riEST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 

cotton States are completely paralyzed. They have an arm, 
sir, but they have not the power to stretch it forth. If we can 
help them to this power, we shall do them great good, and the 
advantage will, of course, react upon ourselves. The with- 
drawal of the colored women from the field, which has been 
alluded to, is a very important fact, and it holds true in 
Maryland, as well as in the far southern States. Our hands 
wish now to have little houses of their own. They do not 
want to live in quarters as formerly. Heretofore, their wives 
and children went into the field. Now they want them to go 
to school. This is all right and proper, but the labor must be 
supplied in some other way, if we would raise as much cotton 
as heretofore. The only way is by machinery. We cannot 
obtain the machinery until people get on their feet again. If 
we can, by any means which this Association can furnish, or 
any plan which it can adopt, open the way for supplying this 
great want, we may come back to our former condition as a 
cotton-growing country. From my intercourse with the people 
of the North, I think they have every disposition to do what 
they can to lift the Soiith out of its present difiiculty. 

Mr. W. H. Baldwin-, of Maryland : We, in Mary- 
land, have an Association that we term an Agricultural Associ- 
ation, for the purpose of lending to the planters a little money. 
There has been subscribed a pretty large amount, — I do not 
recollect how much, but we have loaned some five hundred 
thousand dollars. We bought agricultural implements, which 
we loaned them, taking their notes. We never got any money 
back, but we have received a good deal of benefit from the 
trade, and have got people upon their feet. I merely wish to 
call attention to this as suggesting a means of assistance. 

My letters tell me that the women have, to a very large ex- 
tent, returned to the field this season, after two years absence. 
This is likely to be very generally the rule hereafter, as it is 
among the Europeans. It was very natural that the negro 
should wish to do as the white people have done, but it cannot 
be until the means of living are very materially enlarged. 

The resolution of Mr. Ward was, npon his 
motion, referred to the Committee on Raw 
Material. 



FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 55 

COLLECTION of STATISTICS. 

On motion of Mr. IsToukse, the following Keso- 
lution was adopted : 

Hesolved, That the Secretary be instructed to address 
another circular to all those cotton manufacturers who have not 
yet answered the circulars of statistical inquiry, urging the im- 
portance of the matter, and requesting early answers, in order 
that a complete return may be made np before entering upon 
another season. 

COMMITTEE ON TARE. 

The President announced the following names 
as composing the Committee on Tare : 

E. A. Straw, New Hampshire. 
Augustine Haines, Maine. 
Abraham S. Humphries, Mississippi. 
George Brodie, Arkansas. 
R. H. Chilton, Georgia. 
Daniel Pratt, Alabama. 
David Callender, Virginia. 
Dennis B. Kelley, Pennsylvania. 
Charles C. Taber, New York. 
Benjamin Deford, Maryland. 

The following gentlemen were subsequently 
added to the Committee by vote of the Govern- 
ment : 

Samuel Batchelder, Massachusetts. 
Charles A. Nichols, Rhode Island. 
John Slater, Connecticut. 



THE next meeting OF THE GOVERNMENT. 

Mr. Wakd in behalf of the Executive Com- 
mittee asked for the views of gentlemen as to 
the place for the next meeting of the Gov- 
ernment. After some conversation upon the 



56 FIRST MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT. 

subject, in which Providence, ]^ew York, Phila- 
deljDhia, and Baltimore were severally suggested, 
it was voted that the subject be referred to the 
Executive Committee. 



CLOSING REMARKS OF THE PRESIDENT. 

A suggestion having been made that the meet- 
ing be dissolved, the President made the following 
remarks : — 

Before dissolving this meeting, permit me to congratulate 
you, gentlemen, on the unanimity shown in all our proceedings, 
and on the good will exhibited by all the members of the Gov- 
ernment of our Association from distant sections of the country 
toward each other. The old belief in a natural antagonism of 
interest has disappeared among intelligent men ; and with this, 
will disappear the ill feeling that it has engendered. 

The meeting then adjourned, subject to the call 
of the Executive Committee. 



APPENDIX. 



I. 

SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE 
ON STATISTICS. 

It was intended to append a report, which, giving such general in- 
formation as has been collected by the Association, should present 
such full and complete statistics of the cotton manufactures of the 
United States as would show their consuming capacity. 

Although early and zealous efforts were made in this direction, the 
statistics gathered are incomplete, and the Association, tendering thanks 
to all who have answered their inquiries, again solicit from those who 
have not, an early response, that they may be able to make full and 
complete tables of statistics before the close of the present cotton 
season, August 31. 

Of the returns received the Committee find those from 298 mills 
or corporations to be complete in all particulars, which exhibit truth- 
fully and exactly their cotton-consuming -power or capacity, and from 
which the Committee are enabled to make deductions of much interest 
and probable accuracy in regard to the total consumption in the United 
States. 

The returns from the 298 mills are condensed in the following table : 



Maine .... 
New Hampshire 
Vermont . . 
Massachusetts 
Ehode Island 
Connecticut 
New York . 
New Jersey . 
Pennsylvania 
Delaware 
Virginia . . 
North Carolina 
South Carolina 
Georgia . . 
Alabama . . 
Mississippi . 
Missouri . . 
Kentucky 
Ohio . . . 
Indiana . . 

Total . 



No, of 
Mills. 



13 

25 

5 

86 

35 

45 

17 

7 

28- 

3 

3 

6 

3 

13 

4 

1 

4 

1 

3 

1 

298 



Number of 
Spindles. 



341,204 

384,4fi4 

17,602 

1,076,443 

260,418 

317,196 

100,314 

114,088 

158,808 

12,250 

12,100 

5,989 

6,660 

32,002 

13,756 

576 

13,436 

3,500 

19,424 

10,800 

2,901,030 



Average 
No. of 
Yarn. 



221 

23 § 
311 
27 
30i 
30i 
28 k 
Uh 
19 
25 
14 
91 
loi 

m 

19 
9 

lOl 
10 
12J 
14 

26.43 



Annual 
Consumption. 



21,740,600 

29,773,333 

722,875 

61,856,276 

11,738,631 

16,308,700 

5,607,544 

4,775,000 

14,189,139 

815,000 

1,550,000 

1,069,000 

992,100 

4.763,350 

1,777,916 

120,000 

2,475,000 

800,000 

2,620,000 

1,493,061 

185,187,525 



Average No. 

of lbs. 
per Spindle. 



63.69 

77.47 

41.07 

57.46 

45.08 

51.41 

55.90 

41.85 

89.35 

66.53 

128.10 

178.50 

148.96 

148.84 

129.02 

208.33 

184.28 

228.57 

134.88 

138.26 

63.84 



58 APPENDIX. 



These 298 mills, having 2,901,030 spindles, produce j^arn of average 
No. 26.43, and consume 185,193,525 pounds of cotton per year, or G3.84 
pounds per spindle. 

If we divide the 63.84 pounds by 300, the usual number of working 
days in the year, we find the fraction of a pound per spindle, each day, 

to be 2128 

which is gross weight of cotton. Deduct 1-6 0355 

equal to 20 per cent of the yarn, and we have 1773 

as the fraction of a pound of yarn per day. This would give 4 11-16 
hanks of yarn, averaging No. 26.43, to each spindle per day, as the 
actual product upon the spindles returned. 

So far we have ascertained and reliable data. In the absence of full 
returns, the number of cotton spindles in the country, and average 
size of yarn produced upon them, can only be estimated. From 
sources of best information, we get estimates of the spindles varying 
from 0,000,000 to 7,250.000, and of the average size of yarn from No. 
21 to No. 24. We assume them to be respectively 6,600,000 spindles 
and No. 22^ yarn. 

It was ascertained that the 2,901,030 spindles in. the table, making 
No. 26.43 yarn, use each 63. 84 pounds of cotton per annum. For No. 
224 yarn, and the same number of skeins per day, the requirements 
would be 75 pounds for each spindle, per year. 

To run 6,600,000 spindles at the rate of 75 pounds for each; would be 
required 495,000,000 pounds of cotton or 1,076,000 bales of 460 pounds 
each, per year. 

Or by another method, apply to the 6,600,000 spindles the rate of 
4 11-16 hanks per day for 300 days, and for No. 22^ yarn, thus : 

6,600,000 X 4 11-16 X 300 = 9,281,250,000 skeins, which divided by 

22^ give 412,.500,000 lbs. of yarn. 

Add for waste 20 per cent of yam .... 82,500,000 pounds. 



Making 495,000,000 pounds of 

raw cotton or 1,076,000 bales the same as above. 

Looking only at the annual cotton statistics published since the close 
of the war, the foregoing figures appear large, and probably excessive. 
But looking back at the cotton statistics before the war when approxi- 
mate accuracy was feasible, we find that for the five years, 1856-7 to 
1860-1, an average of 831,800 bales per year were taken for home use 
North and South, (in 1858-9, 927,650, and in 1859-60, 972,000 bales.) 

Since 1861 there has been a large increase in the number of working 
spindles, and though the yarn prodiiced has become finer, there can be 
no doubt that more cotton in the aggregate is now consumed than 
prior to 1861. This hypothesis concurs with that derived from posi- 
tive facts, in showing that the present cotton-consuming capacity of 
the Republic exceeds 1,000,000 bales cotton per annum. 

The Committee recommend that these results be received with due 
caution, until they shall have been confirmed or corrected by facts de- 
rived from full returns. 

If the consuming power requires even 1,000,000 bales cotton per 
annum, the actual consumption for the twelve months to end August 
31, 1868, must be over 900,000 bales. 

To have supplied this, and the quantity exported (already reported 
at 1,644,000 bales), with no more or less stock remaining than there 
was September 1, 1867, the crop of 1867-8 must be proven to have ex- 
ceeded 2,500,000. 

That crop was a very successful one in the States towards the Atlan- 
tic, where it is not likely to be exceeded this season. But in Texas and 
other portions of that great cotton-growing area in the far South-west, 
the productive capacity of which has no known limits, the crop was 
almost a failure. 



APPENDIX. 59 



What " miifht have been " is usefully considered only as it may show 
what may be in the present or future. Had the crop of 1867 been as 
largely successful in the South-west for the area planted as it was on 
the Atlantic side, it is pretty safe to say the yield would have been 
500,000 bales more Jhan it was. 

This season the promise is good everywhere : but in the more east- 
erly States no better than last year, if as good, and thei'e perhaps less 
laud was planted in cotton, more in grain. A yield equal to that of 
last year may be secured if the maturing and picking season shall again 
be as favorable. 

In the South-west, however, there is a contrast with the last and 
two preceding seasons tliat is highly favorable. More laud planted 
with cotton. Put in early, and meeting no misfortunes, a good and 
uniform "stand" was secured in good time. The fields are clean, free 
of grass, and the crop more forward July 1, than last year by July 20. 

It is oul.y necessary to add that from everywhere in the South, comes 
the very satisfactory report of a good understanding between the 
planters and the field laborers who are working well — '• never better," 
as many letters say — to show that there is a fair promise of a large 
crop of cotton to reward the growers of it, and aid in restoring pi-os- 
perity at the South. There have been but few years in which all the 
conditions have been as favorable up to mid-summer as in the present 
one. Still, estimates of the cotton crop made before October, in any 
year, are wholly worthless, so much may depend upon the character 
of the maturing and picking season, and it is enough to say that an 
early crop, well handled, and under favorable circumstances through 
July, escapes much of the danger to which a tardy and grassy crop is 
exposed Irom worms and early frost. 

It is hardly possible that any crop which can be saved, even if over 
three million bales, can exceed the want of the manufacturing world, 
at an average price of twenty cents per pound in our shipping ports, 
in competition with, or added to, all the cotton that other countries 
can produce at prices on a parity with ours, at twenty cents. 

In August, 18G7, middling upland cotton was worth lOjd in Liverpool, 
and 21) cents in New York. Before the end of December it had fallen 
to 6|d in Liverpool, and 15 cents in New York. Within four months 
it has re-acted to 13d in Liverpool, and 30 cents in New York. 

At no time was there anything in the relations of supply and demand 
actual or probable, to justify a fall of price below twenty cents in our 
ports, or a reaction above twenty-five cents per pound. 

The violent and excessive fluctuations were due primarily to the gen- 
eral prostration of the cotton trade at Liverpool and the consequent 
destruction of confidence, together with extreme depression of manu- 
facturing interests in the latter part of the year 1867 — these exagger- 
ated and improved for speculative purposes until a considerable por- 
tion of the crop of 1867 had left the planter's hands ; and then, to the 
natural reaction from one extreme to its opposite, when the very low 
prices had i*enewed and increased the consumption of cotton at a week- 
ly rate higher than had ever been attained, and the demand for this 
consumption was supplemented and urged by powerful speculative 
combinations. 

These excessive changes of value are hurtful to both planter and 
manufacturer. The greatest depression is timed to meet the move- 
ment to market of the bulk of the crop, when the necessities for sale 
are most imperative. This aud the subsequent recovery from an undue 
depression, enure chiefly to the benefit of the speculator and the 
foreign consumer. 

It is the purpose of the Association to collect and bring to the intel- 
ligent consideration of its members, all the facts bearing upon the sup- 
ply of cotton at home and abroad, and the demands upon tluit supply, 
ill the belief that thereby the interests of manufacturers aud growers 



60 APPENDIX. 



of cotton may, in a practical manner, and to a substantial degree, be 
guarded against these evils. 

The internal revenue tax on cotton having been repealed as to all 
cotton grown after 18G7, it seems proper to say in this place that 
members of this Association had labored earnestly for two years to 
have that unwise impost removed, and it was by tneir efforts that the 
strong array of facts and arguments which carried the repeal were 
gathered and placed before the Commissioner of Internal Revenue 
and Congress. One of the most eflective of these arguments was con- 
tained in a set of samples, 154 in number, showing the cotton grown 
in all countries. The cases containing these samples are now in the 
rooms of the Association, and will be found interesting to all growers 
and consumers of cotton. 

The following is a list of these samples : — 

South Pacific. — Fejee Islands, Navigator Islands, Polynesian Is- 
lands, Raratonga Islands, Friendly Islands, Tahiti (Society) Islands, 
Oahu (Sandwich) Islands, New Caledonia Islands. 

Australia. — Wooloomoloo, New South Wales, Sidney, New South 
Wales, South Australia, North Australia, West Australia, Wide Bay, 
Queensland. 

Eastern Asia. — Java, (American seed,) Java, (native seed,) Phillipine 
Islands, Shanghai, Pegee, Rangoon, Slam. 

British India. — Tenasserrin, Assam, Indore, Palghaut, Dhollera 
Brouch, Oorarawuttee, Hinghenghaut, Saw-ginned, Dharwar, Dharwar, 
(New Orleans seed,) Comptah, Feroz;epore Chandah, Salem-Madras 
(Bourbon seed,) Tinnivilly, (Madras) Madras, Chiugleput, (New Or- 
leans seed,) Berar, (Egyptian seed,) Nagpore, Delhi, Shorapore, (New 
Orleans seed,) Shorapore, Hydei-abad, Khandeish, (Berar seed,) Khan- 
deish, (Egyptian seed,) Khandeish (Oomrawuttee seed,) Kurrachee, 
India, (New Orleans seed,) Ceylon. 

Africa. — Soudan, Natal, Algoa Bay, (Cape of Good Hope,) Fort 
Beaufort, (Cape of Good Hope,) Kaflraria, Loanda, Cape Coast, Gold 
Coast, Bonny River, Onitsha, Fernando Po. 

Indian Ocean. — Mauritius. 

Western Asia. — Georgia, Circassia, Caucasus, Bagdad, Mossul, 
Kashan, (Persia,) Jaffa, Tarsus, Smyrna, Smyrna, (New Orleans seed,) 
Latakia, (Syria.) 

Eastern Europe. — Constantinople, Moldavia, Trebizond, Salouica, 
(New Orleans seed,) Volo, Serres, Mytelene, Aleppo, Enos, Laruica. 

Southern Europe. — Laconia, (Greece,) Patras, (Sea Island seed,) 
Patras, (Egyptian seed,) Patras, (New Orleans seed,) Sassard, Italy, 
(Sea Island seed,) Terra di Otranto, (Siamese seed,) Marcerato, Italy, 
(New Orleans seed,) Calania, Sicily, (Nankeen,) Naples, Valencia, 
Malta. 

Northern Africa. — Egypt, Egypt, (New Orleans seed,) Algiers, Bene, 
Algiers ; Rabat, Morocco ; Mazagan, Morocco ; Madeira. 

South A^nerica. — Lima, Peru ; Payta, Peru ; Callao, Peru ; Tacua, 
Peru; Bahia,*Paraguassu Valley, Bahia; Marauham, Maceio, Pernam- 
buco, Soracaba, Brazil; Rio Grande do Sul, Ceara, San Paulo, Brazil; 
Ecuador, San Luis, Estardo, Bolivia; Berbici, Deraerara, Venezuela, 
Costa Rica, Guatemala, New Granada, Paraguay, Rosario, (Argentine 
Confederation,) Catamania, (Argentine Confederation,) Bueuos^Ayres, 
Salto, Maracaibo, Salvador, Honduras, Yucatan, Mexico. 

West Indies. — Jamaica, Cuban Vine, (Jamaica.) Jamaica, (Sea Is- 
land seed,) St. Kitts, Trinidad, St. Thomas, Tortola, St. Bartholomew, 
Dominica, Tobago, Porto Rico, Bahamas, Antigua, Turk's Island, St. 
Domingo. 

United States of America. — Sea Island, New Orleans, Mobile, Up- 
lands. Also samples of twelve kinds of cotton seed. 



APPENDIX. 61 

II. 

EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE. 

Numerous letters and papers have been received by the Secretary 
since tlie meetings in New York and Boston, containing interesting 
and valuable information respecting the present condition and pros- 
pects of the cotton-growing States. Some extracts are given from 
these. 

The Hon. Abraji Murdock, of Mobile, writes : 

"The planter requires aid to produce a sufficiency of cotton for the 
manufacturer, and the latter, in the absence of a sufficiencj', suflers all 
the hardships attendant upon large fluctuations. 

"All that this country wants to ensure a larger supply is the labor. 
We have here the soil and climate, an abundance of open land, and the 
ability to produce an abundance of pi'ovisions; but we have not a suf- 
ficiency of laborers. The negroes are not here to the extent they were 
previous to the war, and those yet with us are not, in the general, ef- 
ficient laborers. We must look to foreign emigration, and there are 
plenty in Scotland and Germany, who, as I learned on my late visit to 
Europe, are Avilling to come, in fact anxious to, but they are told that 
our climate will not permit white men to labor. Now we of the South 
of course tell them to the contrary, but, as we are supposed to be di- 
rectly -interested, our statements are received with great caution. If 
the Association would call the attention of emigrants to the true state 
of things, it would be of great service." 

Mr. Henry Merrell, now a warehouse and commission merchant 
In Camden, Ai'kansas, who for thirty years was a cotton manufacturer, 
twenty-live years of that time at the South, in a very carefully written 
and interesting communication, writes as follows : 

The Besults of past efforts to stimulate the growth of Cotton. 

Before the war, Camden sent to market as high as 42,000 bales of 
cotton of one crop. The receipts were last year (1867) 16,000 bales, 
and 20,000 bales is the estimated crop of 1868, should there be no 
serious accident. The crop now growing is looking well, and the area 
planted in cotton is about the same as it was the year before, when the 
crop would have been at least 20,000 bales, but for the ravages of the 
" army worm." It is supposed that the caterpillar and the army 
worm, like other vermin, are the ofispring of neglected cultivation and 
the decay of deserted plantations. If so, they will disappear before 
returning prosperity. 

Before the war, the "planting system," so called, over pretty much 
all the region trading to New Orleans, comprehended on the one part, 
the planter and his overseers, with his land, fixtures, and stock, and 
the laborers paid a life-time in advance — in point of fact, slaves. This 
constituted great wealth so long as slaves might be counted as proper- 
ty; but that denied, the remainder was nearly worthless. Over and 
above this, there was positively little floating capital. 

This created on the other hand the necessity for a "cotton factor" 
in New Orleans, or elsewhei'e, who advanced supplies upon the promise 
of next year's crop of cotton. That cotton the factor " controlled." 
This kind of business was mainly done by accepting the planter's drafts 
with eight, ten, or even twelve months' time to run. 



62 APPENDIX. 



For all this, the plantation and stock were the collateral security, so 
that at any time had the labor been set free (as was finally the case), 
the whole fabric Avent down together. While it continued, that system 
was a powerful stimulant — the stimulant of perpetual indebtedness — 
to the production of cotton. Through that system doubtless there 
was reached the largest quantity that could be produced under the 
circumstances, and possibly (but not certainly), at the lowest cost of 
production. Not certainly, because the " system "Avas an expensive 
method in the line of commission for accepting and selling, and dis- 
counts on long-time acceptances. 

Since the war that same system was, at the first intention, resumed, 
and by much the same class of men over again ; but the collateral se- 
curity was gone. Labor was no longer property, but the reverse of 
property. It had become the antagonist of property. Horses, mules, 
and farming utensils consumed in the war, and supplies also had to be 
purchased at very high rates, and fences and buildings were to be re- 
stored by paid labor. To be sure a single crop of cotton at war prices 
would have gone far to repay everything, but the cotton was not made 
in very large quantities and the war prices were not sustained. In this 
manner many millions of dollars must have been sunk by somebody 
somewhere ; but none of us have any clear idea from whence they 
came. However, by this time many plantations were tolerably stocked, 
and supplies were lower at the planting time for the crop of 1867. 
But unfortunately, in the grand eft'ort to make cotton in the year pre- 
ceding, the raising of necessary provisions had been neglected. Corn 
and pork had to be purchased and there was no money — literally none — 
among planters, and no longer any far-ort" mythology of capitalists 
willing to send more money after that which "had been already lost. 
At this conjuncture came forward a few among ourselves, generally 
merchants in trade who had laid by something, and there remained still 
some factors in New Orleans, who were willing to risk it once more 
by carrying on a few selected customers, generally on the security of 
"deeds of trust" upon laud stock, ci'op, and all. The result was not 
much better than before. The army worm cut short the crop. The 
pressing necessities of those who had made the advances forced sales 
of the cotton pi'ematurely, so that the producer received credit for, say, 
ten cents a pound at his gin-house for the same cotton that afterwards 
cost the manufacturer in Boston twenty-five and even thirty cents. 

This again leaves the planter worse ofl' than he was before. Very 
many have gone into bankruptcy, carrying along with them in several 
instances those who made them advances. 

As it respects the incoming crop of the year 1868, there are very 
few either planters or farmers who have any help at all in the way of 
advances, and j'et, as above stated, the prospect is fair for as much 
cotton as was made last year. 

We may as well recognize the fact that there is no longer any such 
thing as a " planting system," and very few men left who can be called 
"planters." The cotton is grown this year mostly by farmers in a 
small way, who endeavor to make sure, first, enough bread and meat 
to " do them," and after that as much cotton as they can secure. 

Such men hire one or more fveedmen, just as farmers in Massachu- 
setts would do, and they set them personally an example of how much 
Avork should be done. Multitudes of men and boys, and even women 
are between the plow handles this year who were born in aflluence. 
The freedmen are doing better now. The task agreed upon this year 
in our section is about seventeen acres for a freedman and his wife. It 
used to be twenty acres for the man alone. It is conceded on all hands 
that the freedmen really do very well, considering the violent and 
surprising change they have passed through. They have become sad- 
der and wiser men upon the successive failure of crops, for last year 



APPENDIX. 63 



they generally worked on shares. There are bad freedraen, I am sorry 
to say it, just as there are bad white men sometimes, l)ut generally 
speaking the body of men of all styles are well disposed for peace and 
industry. Politics the only disturbing force is the grand enemy of 
cotton crops. Public speaking, mass meetings, long journeys on foot, 
secret societies, and all that, — a heavy discount on cotton-picking time. 
Politics with us perpetually disturb labor, threaten the tenure of lands, 
keep men on the verge of emigration, whom the country cannot aflbrd 
to lose, and stand in the way of improvement generally. 

Wliat can be done to promote the increase of Cotton growing. 

A great deal can be done, but it has to be all in the natural way and 
in accordance with the laws of trade, — not by a system of "counter 
irritants." 

To grow a crop of cotton and prepare it for market requires the 
continuous labor and forecasting of all the jear round. We used to 
say it consumed thirteen months out of the twelve. The freedmau by 
himself has not the gift, — at least, not in this generation. That has 
been sufficiently tested. There are exceptions, and even iu those rare 
exceptions, the cotton reaches us in a very small way and in an inferior 
condition. On the other hand, it is next to impossible for the white 
man and his wife and children to stand the exposure of picking cotton, 
a handful at a time, during the one hundred hot, dry, picking days that 
we have in Arkansas from August to December. It is that hot, long, 
and dry autumn that makes our particular section the best of all the 
cotton-growing regions. But white people, especially the young, cannot 
stand it, — they die. White people by themselves can very well make 
wheat and corn, which are "laid by" in the middle of July, but they 
must have freedmens' labor in order to produce much cotton. 

The fewest possible laws are necessai-y to this end. The freedmen, 
as they now are, constitute a finer laboring class than the peasantry we 
see in any country on the continent of Europe, except it may be in 
Prussia. They are superior in physical strength and stature, and per- 
haps they are superior in some other respects. How much of this is 
due to their previous training on the plantations, and how much is iu 
spite of that previous condition is the problem which it will require a 
whole generation of time to solve. They are now free to all intents 
and purposes. No one in our country has the faintest idea of ever 
seeing them slaves again. The fact that the great masses of poor men 
and small farmers are now able to hire them, who could never have 
owned one under the old system, is a guarantee that it never will re- 
turn, even if there was no other reason. 

The freedmen, perfectly aware of their freedom, and quite enough 
disposed to assert it, in and out of season, will labor for those men 
who treat them best, and pay them honorably. They will go from 
those they do not like to those whom they like best. Any plantation, 
town, county, or State where they are treated ill, will lose the benefit 
of their labor. All this left to natural causes alone, would regulate 
itself so far as labor and cotton-growing are concerned, and it does so 
govern itself already, in spite of all outside pressure and regulations 
whatever. We have seen men come from the North with all their sur- 
plus energy and abundant capital, and all the advantages of the 
" Bureau " and the military on their side, and they said the ground .had 
never been half tilled nor people half worked until they came, and we 
have seen them one and all fail to make cotton ; and some of them 
failed ignominiously. The freedmen and the whites in our country 
have to live neighbors to each other. They are necessary to each 
other, and it is not at all for the interest of those who want cheap cotton 



64: APPENDIX. 



and a good deal of it, to suffer the one class to be set in array against 
the other. 

As it respects the future advancing of capital to promote the culti- 
vation of cotton, it is not advisable, after the experience of several 
years past, to recommend any more in that line at present. Whenever 
affairs become settled, we shall point out where railroads and improve- 
ments in our rivers can be made to tap the best cotton regions, carry- 
ing in supplies, and bringing out the returns of raw material. Our 
people are also producing some wool, and especially are they disposed 
to ship hides and ready-tanned sole-leather. The war taught them 
some metliods of economy not observed by them before, and the young 
men especially learned to endure hardships with fortitude, all of which 
are elements of future prosperity and of trade. 

But the great outcome in the growing of cotton will be in future 
improvements of agricultural machinery for that purpose. I hope to 
live to see the day when cotton will be successfully planted, cultivated, 
gathered, ginned, and put up for market from beginning to end by 
machinery. The dithculties in the way are not greater than tliose that 
were surmounted by the inventions for making, harvesting, and hand- 
ling the wheat crop. We have already the planting machine and the 
sulkey plow, but our people are not up to the ownership and use of 
such things. Now we have only to find a cotton seed that will mature 
the crop all at one time, or that will retain and not shed the cotton 
until the whole crop is matured, like wheat, and then it will not be very 
difficult to invent a machine to pick it. I think, perhaps, that I already 
know a seed that, once in general use, would answer the purpose. I 
even expect to see one machine invented, which by a change of fix- 
tures, will perfectly accomplish all the work of a cotton plantation. 
The man to do this should be at once a thorough cotton planter, and 
at the same time a mechanical genius. And he should be shut up on a 
ten-acre plantation, with access to all that is already knov?u by makers 
of agricultural implements, and should keep his whole mind upon that 
one idea until he shall have achieved a victory. 

In the mean time the best thing that can be done is for the spinner 
to get close up to the producer of cotton. Let the consumer as nearly 
as possible purchase his cotton directly from the man who makes it, 
with as few commissions and storages and drayages and brokerages and 
city taxes and samplings over and over again, &c., &c., as may be. 
This has been my practice as a spinner always. The planters are al- 
ready of that mind generally. Last crop netted the planter at his gin 
house, perhaps ten cents a pound. It cost the manufacturer at the 
North twice and three times as much money. The difference in great 
part went to enrich middle men who speculated and forestalled the 
market. It was an exceptional year, but there is always in a level 
market a wide margin between what the planter gets, and what the 
manufacturer has to pay. Part of that margin can be saved to both 
parties by a nearer approach to each other, and it might result in a 
mutual good understanding. 

We think that the planter parts with his cotton under a lower and 
more strict classification than that upon which it is finally sold to the 
manufacturer. Something under this head might be saved by nearer 
approach to each other. 

A full and interesting paper on the preparation of the cotton crop 
for market, received from Mr. Geokge Brodie, of Arkansas, after this 
report had gone to press, and too late for publication entire, contains 
the following statements and suggestions : 

The cotton begins to mature in August, and is ripening day by day 
from that time till killed by the heavy frosts in November. It is almost 
impossible to pick it as it ripens, so closely, that more or less will not 



APPENDIX. 65 



fall from the boll. Heavy rains and winds beat it to the ground, too. 
By these means, sand and trash become mixed with the cotton, greatly 
reducing its market value. Planters are earnestly advised to procure 
machines that will separate all sand and trash from their cotton before 
it goes to the gin stand, Such' a machine would cost much less than 
the common gin, and would not require one-fourth of the power to 
drive it which that does. Its use would save paying for the transport- 
ation of sand and trash, and would at the same time largely add to 
the marketable value of the crop. 

The present mode of packing cotton is very objectionable. The 
large bales weighing about 500 lbs., are compressed at the planta- 
tion to a density of about 15 lbs. to the cubic foot, and by a second 
compression at the port of shipment, to a density of about 25 lbs. 
to the cubic foot. They are too heavy to be lifted, and are therefore 
rolled about from place to place, often through mud and water, and the 
bagging is torn by cotton hooks. The loss from the admixture of mud 
and dirt, and from the picking and stealing which the ragged bales in- 
vite, will average nearly ten per cent. The covering and hoops »r 
ropes of these large ■ bales weigh about 25 lbs. or 5 per cent of the 
gross weight, and cost about three dollars each. The cost of c'om- 
pression at the shipping port is about one dollar a bale more. Most 
planters think that these charges do not come out of their pockets 
because they sell their cotton at the gross weight. In this they are 
sadly mistaken; every cent thus spent conies out of their pockets. 
The price of their cotton at home is eiitirely governed by the price 
it will bring in the principal foreign markets, and as most of our 
cotton goes to Liverpool, the price there may be said to govern 
the price everywhere. The Liverpool pui'chaser buys and pays for 
nothing but the net cotton within the baling, a deduction is made for 
all dirty and trashy cotton, and the bagging and ties go for nothing. 

It is a universal law of trade that whenever any people pi'oduce more 
of an article than they can consume, the price of that article is 
governed by the foreign price, and is less the cost of taking it to the 
foreign market. 

The whole aim of the planter, therefore, in preparing his cotton for 
transportation ought to be to get it to market at the least cost and with 
the least waste. 

To meet this end it is recommended that the cotton should be put 
into bales of 150 or 170 lbs. each. This is about the weight of a com- 
mon sack of cotlee, which is always carried from place to place, — never 
rolled in dirt and water. The cotton is of about the same value as the 
cofl'ee, and should be handled with equal care. By a simple, cheap, and 
durable cotton press, 40 ll)s. per cubic foot, can easily be pressed into 
these small bales on the plantation where it is raised. Small bales of 
cotton have been made in New Orleans for transportation on mules, 
that contained when in the press fifty pounds to the cxibic foot. They 
were tied by ropes, and when taken from the press, the stretch of the 
roijes allowed such expansion that they weighed only from 30 to 40 lbs. 
to the foot ; but this expansion would have been prevented had iron 
hoops been used instead of ropes. The hoops have the added advanta- 
ges of being cheaper than ropes and much safer in case of fire. 

A small bale, such as is here recommended, with iron bauds, would 
measure about 30 inches in length, by 15 inches square. As it would 
always be lifted, no cotton hooks would be used in handling it, and the 
heavy India or Kentucky bagging now required would give place to a 
light article such as the Dundee bagging in which cofl'ee is usually 
packed. This would weigh about one and a quarter pounds per 
bale, and would cost aljout twenty cents per bale. The iron ties 
would weigh about four pounds and cost about "40 cents. This would 
make the tare on one of these small bales about 3^ per cent, and the 

9 



66 APPENDIX. 



cost of baling less than half a cent a pound. This first saving is, how- 
ever, one of the least advantages which would accrue to both the 
grower and manufacturer of cotton from the proposed change. Some 
of the other advantages are, 1st, Less waste. The cotton will reach 
the mills in almost as good order as it leaves the plantation. 2d, Pre- 
vention of fraud in packing. The small bales can be easily probed 
through, and any fraudulent packing be detected. 3d, Facility in class- 
ifying. The planter can, by the use of these small bales, better assort 
his crop. No man is so well qualified' as he to do this. A careful 
classification of the cotton before it leaves the plantation would greatly 
facilitate the sale of it, saving cotton, time, and trouble. 

The tare sliould be deducted in all sales of cotton. This is always 
done in Liverpool, and, as has been shown, the prices in the Liverpool 
market control the prices in all other markets. The planter would 
not therefore lose by the adoption of such a custom, while a fruitful 
source of ill feeling and temptation to fraud would be removed. Mr. 
Brodie suggests that the Association should use its influence to 
induce the Chambers of Commerce and Boards of Trade in the princi- 
pal cities to adopt the Liverpool rule. 

He also suggests that the same bodies should be appealed to to peti- 
tion Congress to pass a law for the regulation of commerce among the 
several States, requiring that all cotton, before it can be sent out of 
the State where it is grown, should be bound with iron hoops or metal 
ties as a protection against fire, and also requiring that at least one- 
third of such metal ties on every cotton bale should have stamped upon 
them the name of the party who pressed the cotton, and of the State 
and county of his residence, and the number of the bale. By these 
means, should there be any fraudulent packing of a cotton bale, it can 
easily be traced back to the party guilty of the fraud. 

Mr. L. D. Child, of Columbia, S. C, presents the following state- 
ment of the advantages which that section of the country ofi'ers to 
cotton manufacturers : 

"1. Climate. Requiring but little fuel. Pires necessary only two or 
three months in the year. Good resinous-heart pine wood, cut and 
corded within one mile of the factory, can be procured at only one 
dollar per cord. Our total cost for fuel for, say three months in the 
year, is less than one-tenth of a cent per pound on manufactures of 
those mouths. 

2. Wages. Land is cheap and we are enabled to give each family of 
operatives a very large garden — large enough to enable them to raise 
their year's supply of vegetables. Wages are consequently low. 

3. Operatives. The supply is far greater than the demand. They 
are frugal and industrious. Girls are white. Some few of the men 
are black. 

4. Freights. We save the freight on bagging and rope and waste, 
an important item, as we can sell our waste to local paper mills at 
nearly, if not quite northern rates. In the summer of 1867, freight ou 
one bale of cotton, worth, say $80, from Charleston to New York, was 
from .$2.00 to $2.50. On yarn, worth, say $120 per bale, only 60 cents, 
a difl'erence of about 2h per cent on the value. 

5. Cotton. We purchase of the producer or his agent. The com- 
missions, brokerage, and other charges paid by northern mills are 
therefore avoided. Reclamation easy and direct." 

Mr. R. H. Chilton, of Columbus, Ga., suggests the great advan- 
tages of that place for the establishment of a great manufacturing city, 
with water power, on the Georgia side of the Chattahoochee, to run 



APPENDIX. 67 

1,000,000 spindles, and on the Alabama side, probably one-third of that 
number. 

The property of the Columbus Manufacturing Company, situated 
about a mile and a half above the city of Columbus, consists of 
about 800 acres of land, of which 170 lies in Alabama, embracing a 
mile on both banks of the river, with a fall of 42^ feet between the 
upper and lower line, of which enough is already under control to run 
100,000 spindles over wants of factory in operation, and its adjuncts, 
bark mill, grist mill, and machine shops, — secured at the cost of some 
^2,500, and unaffected by high or low water. 

129,000 bales of cotton have been received during a season at 
Columbus, which is the point of convergence of three railroads. By 
these, cotton can be drawn from Mongomery, Macon, and the country 
traversed by the Mobile and Girard Railroad. Being at the head of 
steamboat navigation, it can also be supplied by the river from Apa- 
lachicola. This tract abounds in building rock, only requiring the 
blast and the derrick to supply the wants of each factory site Avithin 
its own limits. 

This is the gx'eatest water power in the world, considering the 
volume of water, its cheap availability and constant supply. On the 
Georgia shore, a natural waste or tail-way 50 by 20 feet, and with a 
velocity of at least 15 miles an hour, runs nearly the entire length of 
the property, between rock islands paralell to the main shore, which is 
also rock-bound, — forming a natural waste which it would cost mil- 
lions to have excavated. 

The advantages of climate, and that of cotton at your door, with 
abundance of white labor imploring employment, makes it well worth 
examination by manufacturing capitalists. 



68 APPENDIX. 

III. . 

STATISTICAL TABLES. 

The following tables have been compiled with much care from such 
authorities as are everywhere accepted by the ti-ade as reliable. 

Eor the statistics of British- trade and manufactures, we are indebted 
largely to the circulars of Messrs. Geo. Holt & Co., of Liverpool. 

Table 1, showing the growth and distribution of the United States 
crops for the 41 years, 1.S26-7 to 18(3(>-7, inclusive, follows very nearly 
the figures given in the "Annual statements of the cotton crop," 
issued from the office of the N. Y. Shipping List. _ . 

Any one who has carefully examined these annual statements will 
have observed that in their report of the crop produced, as shown by 
the receipts at all the ports, they include, beside the exportations, 
the stocks on hand, and the cotton accidentally destroyed, only the 
quantity consumed in the United States "north of Virginia," while in 
their report of the total consumption of the United States, they 
include the quantity "consumed elsewhere " than " north of Virginia," 
in the United States. Admit them to be correct in detail, yet like 
many other correct figures, these are so arranged as to mislead. 

Thus, take from those Statements, the following figures for the 
consecutive years, 1858-t) and 1850-00. 

" Stock in the ports Sept. 1, 1858 102,926 bales. 

Total crop of the year ending August 31, 1859 . 3,851,481 ,, 



Total supply 3,954,407 

Deduct, export to foreign countries . •. 3,021,403 

Burnt, lost, &c 23,549 

Stock in ports Sept. 1, 1859 . . . 149,237 3,194,189 



Taken for home use north of Virginia, .... 760,218 
,, ,, in Va. and So. and west of Va. 167,433 



Total consumed in United States .... 927,651 ,', " 

Again — 

"Stock in the ports, Sept. 1, 1859 .... 149,237 bales. 
Total crop for year ending August 31, 1860 . 4,675,770 „ 



Total supply 4,825,007 

Deduct, export to foreign ports . . . 3,773,256 

Burnt, &c. at South 31.522 

Stock in ports Sept 1, 1860 . . . 227,708 4,032,486 

Taken for home use north of Virginia 792,521 

,, ,, in Va. and So. and west of Va. 185,522 



Total consumed in United States .... 978,043 „ " 

In all cotton statistics, tables, &c.. at home and abroad, the consump- 
tion of cotton in the United States for the above years has been set 
down at 927,651 bales, and 978,043 bales, respectively,'aud, as uniformly, 
the total crop of cotton produced in the United States in those years 
has been set down at 3,851,481 and 4,675,770 bales respectively, whereas, 
the quantity taken for home use in Virginia and South in each year, 
should have been included in the statement of the crops, and these 
would then stand, for the year ending Aug. 31, 1859, 4,018,914 bales, 
n „ „. 1860, 4,861,292 „ 



APPENDIX. 69 



Because of this faulty and incongruoiis exhibit of the true proportion 
wliicli our home consumption bears to the true production, it has been 
found necessary to restate the total crop of each year in this table, so 
as to include the southern consumption, and exhibit the whole growth 
of cotton, stating that portion, however, separately, so that the other 
figures of the annual statements may be recognized. Great changes 
have occurred in the manner of moving the cotton crop. Prior to 1858, 
nearly all of it was shipped from the southern ports, either to Europe, 
or coastwise to the northern cities. Then the custom-house statistics 
of those ports were very nearly correct in their account of cotton. 
The small quantity manufactured or destroyed at the South could 
safely be a matter of estimate. Now hundreds of thousands of bales 
are moved from South to North by inland routes, a lai'ge portion of 
these going directly from the planter'^ railway station to the mill, 
stopping at no port or market where statistics are collected. That 
portion of the crop has precisely the place of cotton used at southern 
mills. To guess at the year's production of cotton, and then to report 
all which cannot be accounted for by custom-house returns, as "used 
elsewhere" than at the North, or as "destroyed," is becoming each 
year a more unsatisfiictory proceeding, and it is time that it was 
abandoned. The only true method of ascertaining the consumption of 
our mills, North and South, is by finding the actual number of spindles 
and their average consumption. To show the need of the change 
above suggested take the last regular " Annual Statement " : — 

" Stock of cotton on hand in ports Sept. 1, 186G , 283,692 bales. 

Total crop of the United States for the year ending 
August 31, 1867 1,951,988 „ 

Making a supply of 2,235,680 ,, 

Deduct foreign export 1,553,345 ,, 

Burnt, &c 28,672 „ 

Stock in ports Sept. 1, 1867 . . . 80,296 1,662,313 „ 

Taken for home use north of Virginia 573,367 ,, 

,, ,, in Va. and elsewhere in U. S., 280,672 ,, 



Total consumed in the U. States 1866-7 .... 854,039 „ " 
The understatement of the crop of 1866-7 in the above has been 
clearly shown by other authorities, and in our table we' add 80,000 
bales, making it 2,031,988 bales. But the more important error was in 
the appropriation of only 573,367 bales for consumption north of Vir- 
ginia, where there were over 6,500,000 spindles, and 280,672 bales 
South where there were probably not more than 300,000 spindles. A 
more nearly correct division would have allowed for the southern 
consumption 90,000 bales against 764,000 bales used in the North. 
Even that is below the quantity actually consumed in the mills north 
of Virginia, which required for that year at least 800,000 bales. But 
the whole crop of 1866-7 (under the designation of "Receipts at the 
ports " ) allows only 573,367 bales for home consumption besides 
export and stocks (southern consumption being excluded), and it 
follows of necessity that whatever the actual consumption exceeded 
573,367 bales (say 226,633 bales) must be added to the commercial 
crop of that year, making its total 1,951,988+226,633=2,178,621 bales. 
If then, 90,000 bales be added for " consumption elsewhere in the 
United States," the total 2,268,621 bales would represent the real 
extent of the cotton crop of the United States for the year 1866-7 
instead of 2,031,988 bales as in the table. 

The weight of each crop in pounds is given to show the progressive 
increase in full. This could not be shown by the number of bales 
only, because the average weight per bale has been increasing from year 



70 APPENDIX. 



to year, from an average of 337 pounds in the Ave years 1826-30, to 443 
pounds in tlie five years 1855-9, an increase of 31.^ per cent in thirty 
years. The increase in the number of bales in the same years is nearly 
400 per cent, and the total increase (in pounds of cotton) is 452 per cent, 
i.e, from an average of 303,093,498 pounds per year for the period 
1826-30, to an average of 1,369,985,942 pounds per year for the period 
1855-9. It should be noted that the net wevjht (that is the weight of 
the bale, tare off) is given in every case, to correspond with foreign 
weights of cotton which are all taken net. Otherwise no connect com- 
parison can be made. The average weight each year is carefully 
computed from the English statistics, where the net weights of Ameri- 
can and other bales are given with accuracy, distinguishing each kind, 
and these compared with and tested by the weights of home-used 
cotton, showing for the thirty years an average of 4^ per cent tare. 

The usual or gross weights can be ascertained for any year per bale, 
or of the total crop, by adding to that item, as found in table 1, 4 71-100 
per cent of itself. 

Down to 1840 the cotton year ended September 30. Since that date 
the seasons have closed, and the annual tables have been made up to 
August 31. 

Table No. 2 consists mainly of the statistics of British cotton trade 
and manufacture from 1816 to 1867 inclusive. This table shows the 
periods of excess and of scarcity in supply, of expansion and of decline 
in prices, of expansion and of contraction in trade, and the consump- 
tion of cotton. Also how a period of dull trade, low prices, and re- 
duced consumption has led the way to great increase of consumption 
and higher prices, and how an over-stimulated trade glutted its 
markets, leading to lower prices of goods, contraction of use, and an 
accumulation of stock of raw cotton, again to be cleared away by the 
enlarged demand which only lower prices can create. 

It would be interesting to trace the effects of deficient grain 
crops, of financial panics, commercial revulsions, of wars and threats 
of war, of embargoes, and of other incidents in the history of this 
staple and its trade, from 1809 down to the present day ; — but want of 
space forbids. 

In table No. 3 will be found condensed, the more important items of 
British cotton goods trade down to and including 1867. The average 
per year for the ten years 1857-66 of the " exports of cotton goods and 
yarns from London, Liverpool, and the Clyde, to Madras, Calcutta, 
Bombay, and China," was 705,277,267 yards of cloth and 26,770,223 lbs. 
of yarn. That period included the five j'ears of scarcity of cotton, 
1861-5 ; therefore we regard only the four yeai's of plenty 1857-60, dur- 
ing which production of goods and yarns over supplied the markets 
for them, in which five years the average was 786,130,700 yards cloth 
and 33,938,000 lbs. yarn per annum. 

For the two years 1866-67 the same exports were, 

1866, 825,431,905 yards goods and 26,818,927 pounds yarn. 

1867, 1,071,605,098 „ ' „ 33,699,422 „ 



An avg. of 948,518,500 „ „ 80,259,175 „ 

Large as was this increase above the high average of 1857-60, which 
so over-supplied the demand for consumption that only the scai'city 
enforced by the American war saved manufacturers and exporters alike 
from great disasters — even the immense export to the East in 1867, 
has been exceeded in rate in the first five mouths of 1868, 37 per cent 
in cloth and 22 per cent in yarn, thus. 
First 5 months 1867, 372,721,675 yds. cloth and 9,182,402 lbs. yarn. 

„ „ 1868, 508,215,443 „ 11,768,655 „ 

This shows that the East has an extraordinary capacity for consump- 
tion, or else that disaster is not far off.. 



APPENDIX. 71 



By reference to the table it will be seen how large a proportion of 
the British production of cotton goods is exported to foreign markets. 
When these are glutted by excess, export must fall away ; then in turn 
the home market in Great Britain is oversupplied and stocks of goods 
at once accumulate. The ultimate remedy is " short time ; " but mean- 
while other and unusual outlets must be found for these goods unsale- 
able at home. In such times during past years, our country was the 
receptacle for those surplus stocks. It was better to ship them to 
the auction room in New York, and there accept a heavy loss, than hold 
them at home as a drug upon the raark.et, or force them there and pro- 
tract the low and unproflta))le range of prices. The Object was to get 
rid of the surplus stock, and no diflerence of 5, 10, or 20 per cent in 
tarifl' duty was allowed to stand in the way of its accomplishment. 
But now, when in addition to a heavy customs duty, the foreign manu- 
facturer has to pay 40 to 50 per cent premium for gold in which to re- 
mit home the proceeds of his forced sales, it is found too heavy — it 
forbids the transaction — at best and only a. dernier resort, and excep- 
tional. 

It is said with good show of evidence and reason in its support, that 
the consumers of American cotton goods — the body of the peoljjle in all 
parts of our country — are now more nearly at the point of destitution 
than at any time since 1861. It is argued that the people as well as the 
trade have regai"ded the prices, even the average of 1867, as abnor- 
mal and excessive, and that they have deferred buying new goods as 
long as possible, under the conviction that the longer they wait the 
cheaper tliey will buy, until the country has become almost bare of stock 
in the hands of retailers, while the domestic want has become necessi- 
tous. 

The ability to buy and pay for goods to the extent of any want was 
universal last year except at the South ; and at the present moment the 
premise is that the abundant crops of cotton, corn, rice, sugar, tobacco, 
&c., in the South, leave that section in fair condition for trade and 
improvement. 

Making all proper allowances for errors of degree in the foregoing 
premises, enough remains to give reasonable assurance of a better 
and steadier home demand for cotton goods during the next twelve 
months than has been known for. many years, and fair markets 
abroad for drills, sheetings, &c., if not demoralized by excessive quan- 
tities of English goods forced upon them at low prices. 

The cotton-consuming power in Europe has been shown in the early 
part of 1868 to be equal to the use of 90,000 bales per week; 55,000 in 
Great Britain and 35,000 on the continent. This was a maximum rate, 
producing more goods than could be marketed at the prices. The 
goods trade then bore profits upon middling upland cotton at 12d. It 
may be inferred that at 25 per cent less, or an average price of 9d 
for middling uplands, a similar rate of consumption might be renewed 
and sustained by the extension of markets caused by lower prices. 

The full emplojnnent of the cotton spindles of the United States, 
north and south, requires a supply of over 20,000 bales per week. 

All this great industry can be profitably employed at 20 cents per 
pound for cotton, provided foreign markets sustain an equal relative 
value. 

The cotton crop of 1868-9 is now very promising. However large 
it may prove to be. it cftnuot more than supply the want of the world 
at a moderate price, and make an addition to the "rest," or stocks at 
the end of the year, such as is needed to give safety and stability to 
business. Witli continued peace and exemption from any serious 
commercial troubles, this crop should produce an average of 20 cents 
per pound in our ports and its equivalent abroad, in its maximum of 
quantity, and more, if any thing occur to abate its abundant promise. 



72 



APPENDIX. 












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51 


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OQ 



APPENDIX. 



75 





o^:sitsc;i--;c:o 


05 N 


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00 


w 


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o 


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c; o I- t- ?i t- C-. -i< 


X CO 


r-l 


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o 


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o 


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• 


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00 CO 


W 


■* 


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m 


















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o 




cT 


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00 


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o la 






CO 


CO CI CD 


CI 


lo la CO 


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<M .-1 


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b- -*l CO 


Li 


CD .-1 rt 


















00 


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CO 


CO 




c<> 


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O —1 


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CO 


o 


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CD 


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rH rt ^1 c; ^ o 'S I-- 


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1—4 


cq 


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la rH 


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76 



APPENDIX. 






a 



^ 
^ 









5S 

Hi 





cc M c; -^ 12 -4' ^1 IS 


1—1 ^ 


Tj- 


t^ 


00 


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eo 


oc eo b- 




X 1-2 ^ X o 1- — t^ 


X £0 


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13 


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rt CO CO 


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o 


















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rt t- 


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00 
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la o 


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CI 


w --0 -* 


■<tl •<* T-l I-l t> C^"-! 


CO r-t 


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t^ ,-1 ^ 


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cf 


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SC North 
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, August 3 




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APPENDIX. 



77 



O'f-<ti^'-lC0i-l.-l 
O N '-H CO lO ■— I S5 t^ 

lo^ c^f c^f otT cT !>f >n^ L-T 

OOOIOCOOOOO 
(M rH (^^ t~ i-H CO 



CO (M 

CO t^ 

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o (>» 



t- cq o 
CO t^ c; 

CO O I'l^ 

CO o o 
»0 00 00 



cocooo'Momo 
t^t^ricooi-iooao 

CO^JOr-ii-lOClOO 

CO c<r c<r cT cT .-T -^ r-T 

Or-lO'*(M.-lb-i-l 



o o 



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t^ »r; ^ 

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CO ^ CI 
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■^t-Tco 

-* 00 00 
lO f-i M 



CO CO "M t^ c: c; -* M 

t-rco"'*~'-rco"'-r-^co" 

t- CO CO IM ^ O -* -* 



CO CO 
CO 30 

O CO 



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CI CO CO 

t^ l^ t^ 

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79 





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:inds, 

11 onl}^ 
all kiiKl 
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idies, 
Qdies, & 

all kindi 

all' kind 
Americi 
f 426 lb 
year, 

an. 1, 
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to "goo 
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Aug. 31 
I'g Dec. 








:! :; _^u'P^^'S^ ' '^ ^ ^d ^P. =^Pfcr,55 




stock in Great Britain, Jan. 1, all 

,, equal to supply for . . . 

Stock in Great Britain, of Ameri 

Import to Gt. Britain for the yea 

,, ,, from Unite 

• „ „ „ Brazi 

„ 55 55 Egyp 

5 5 5 5 55 East 

55 West 
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,, average per bale . . . 
Cousump. in Gt. Britain, per yeai 

55 55 55 

Actual average consump. per wee 

5) 55 )5 55 

Average weekly consump., bales. 
Taken at Liverpool on speculatio 
Export from Great Britain, year 
Weight of yarn in Great Britain, 
Average price of Upland, in Liver 
,, 5> Surats, ,, 
Extreme prices in Liv'l, N.O. "foi 
Crop grown and rec'd at jsorts in 
Consump. in U. States, year end'; 
Consump. on Cont. Europe, year t 











80 



APPENDIX. 



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r, all ki 

k, all ki 

Ame 

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n, year 

Jan. 1, 
•p'l, per 

r"to "g 
U. sta 
g Aug. 
end'gD 




an. 1, al 

f Ameri 
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m Unite 
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West 

per yea 

per wee 

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eculatio 
n, year 
Britain, 
in Liver 

.0. "fai: 
ports in 
ear end', 
)e, year t 






3ck in Great Britain, J; 

) 55 55 

, equal to supply for 

3ck in Great Britain, o: 

iport to Gt. Britain for 

fro 

5> 55 5' 
J) 55 ?: 
)) 5) ?: 

55 5' 5) 

eight of total import 
,, average per bale 
nsump. in Gt. Britain, 

55 55 

tual average consump. 

55 55 55 

erage weekly consump 
ken at Liverpool on sp 
port from Great Britai 
eight of yarn in Great 
erage price of Upland, 
,, ,, Surats, 
treme prices in Liv'I, N 
op grown and rec'd at 
nsump. in U. States, y 
nsump. on Cont. Europ 














^"•~+sa- ►r.oo?-c5 t^ ►-. > ;^ fc^ o o 
£» COM F O < <1HHF<1 WOOOll 





APPENDIX. 



81 





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stock in Great Britain, Jan. 1, all kinds, b; 

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„ ,, ,, Brazil, 
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Weight of total import pou 

., average per bale 

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pou 
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,, ,, ,, ,, American, 
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Weight of yarn in Great Britain, Jan. 1, pou 
Average price of Upland, in Liverp'l, per lb., pe 

,, ,, Surats, ,, ,, 
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Crop grown and rec'd at ports in U. States, b 
Consump. in U. States, year end'g Aug. 31, 
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11 



82 



APPENDIX. 























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„ equal to supply for 

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iport to Gt. Britain for the year, all ki 
,, „ from United State 
,, ,, ,, Brazil, 
>i „ „ Egypt, 
,, ,, ,, East Indies, 
„ ,, ,, West Indies, 

eight of total import 

,, average per bale 

nsump. in Gt. Britain, per year, all ki 

tual average consump. per week, all ki 
„ „ „ „ Amer 
erage weekly consump., bales, of 426 
ken at Liverpool on speculation, year 
;port from Great Britain, year . . 
eight of yarn in Great Britain, Jan. 1, 
erage price of Upland, in Liverp'l, per 
,, ,, Surats, ,, ,, 
treme price in Liv'l, N.O. "fair" to "go 
op grown and rec'd at ports in U. Sta 
nsump. in U. States, year end'g Aug. : 
nsump. on Cont. Europe, year end'g D^ 

















APPENDIX. 



83 





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g Aug. 
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;k in Great Britain, Jan. 1, al 

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rage weekly consump., bales, 
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rage price of Upland, in Liver 
, ,, Surats, ,, 
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p grown and rec'd at ports in 
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84 



APPENDIX. 






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lort to Gt. Britain for the year, all ki 
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„ Egypt, 
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, ,, ,, West Indies, 

ght of total import 

, average per bale 

sump, in Gt. Britain, per year, all ki 

' 55 55 55 

iial average consump. per week, all ki 
55 55 55 Amer 
rage weekly consump., bales, of 426 
en at Liverpool on speculation, year 
lort from Great Britain, year . . , 
ght of yarn in Great Britain, Jan. 1, 
rage price of Upland, in Liverp'l, per 
, „ Surats, ,, ,. 
reme prices in Liv'l, N.O. "fair" to "g 
p grown and rec'd at ports in U. Sta 
sump, in U. States, year end'g Aug. 
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APPENDIX. 



85 





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86 



APPENDIX. 





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ritain, per year, all kinds, 

P 
sump, per week, all kinds, 

,, ,, American, 
nsump., bales, of 42G lbs. 
I on speculation, year, 

Britain, jear .... 
Great Britain, Jan. 1, p 
pland, in Liverp'l, per lb., 
urats, ,, ,, 

c'd%t ports in U. States, 

Europe, year end'g Uec. 3 






3ck in Great Brii 

, equal to sup] 
3ck in Great Bri 
iport to Gt. Briti 

eight of total im 
, average pe: 
nsump. in Gt. B 

tual average cou 

erage weekly co 
ken at Liverpool 
port from Great 
sight of yarn in 
. price of Mid. U 
Fair S 
treme prices in I 
op grown and re 
nsump. in U. St 
nsump. on Cont. 















APPENDIX. 



87 



Estimated pearly average importation of Cotton Wool into Great 
Britain at various periods, prior to 1816, [in pounds.) 



1701 @ 1705 


1,200,000 


1801 


56,000,000 


1809 


92,800,000 


1716 @ 1720 


2,200,000 


1802 


60,300,000 


1810 


136,500,000 


1771 @ 1775 


4,800,000 


1803 


53,800,000 


1811 


91,600,000 


1776 @ 1780 


6,700,000 


1804 


61,900,000 


1812 


63,000,000 


1781 @ 1785 


10,900,000 


1805 


59,700,000 


1813 


51,000,000 


1786 @ 1790 


25,400,000 


1806 


58,200,000 


1814 


60,100,000 


1791 @ 1795 


26,700,000 


1807 


74,900,000 


1815' 


99,300,000 


1796 @ 1800 


37,300,000- 


1808 


43,600,000 







Sources of the Cotton Siqiply of Great Britain for teji years 
1806-15, inclusive — (packages.) 





United States. 


Brazil. 


East Indies. 


W. Indies, &c. 


Total. 


1806 


124,939 


51,034 


7,787 


77,978 


261,738 


1807 


171,267 


18,981 


11,409 


81,010 


282,667 


1808 


87,672 


50,442 


12,512 


67,512 


168,138 


1809 


160,180 


140,927 


35,764 


103,511 


440,382 


1810 


246,759 


142,286 


79,382 


92,186 


560,613 


1811 


128,192 


118,514 


14,646 


64,879 


326,231 


1812 


95,331 


98,704 


2,607 


64,563 


261,205 


1813 


37,720 


137,168 


1,429 


73,219 


249,536 


1814 


48,853 


150,930 


13,048 


74,800 


287,631 


1815 


203,051 


91,055 


22,357 


52,840 


369,303 


Total, 


1,253,964 


1,000,041 


200,941 


752,498 


3,207,444 



88 



APPENDIX. 



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APPENDIX. 



89 





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TABLE ^o. 4, 

Shoiv'wg the Fhtchtations in value of Gold, Cotton, and Cotton Goods, 
from April, 1861, to June, 1868, inclusive. 



1861. 

April. 
May. 
June. 
July- 
August. 
September. 
October. 
November. 
December. 

1862. 

Jauuai-y. 

February. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

September. 

October. 

November. 

December. 

1863. 

January. 

February. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

September, 

October. 

November. 

December. 

1864. 

January. 

Februarj'. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

September, 

October. 

November. 

December. 



GOLD, 

In the United States. 



Highest and 
lowest value. 



1004 @ 100^ 



Susp. specie 



001 @ 
02i@ 
0U@ 
01i@ 
0U@ 
03i@ 
08J@ 
12 @ 
16^ @ 
•i'Jh. @ 
28|@ 
2H @ 



104i 

lOih 

102i 

102J 

104 

109^ 

120J 

1164 

124 

135^ 

133 

1334 



001 @ 135^ 



334 @ 
524 @ 
39 @ 
46i@ 
411 @ 
4U@ 
244 @ 
224 @ 
27 @ 
411 @ 
444 @ 
48 @ 



1601 

172 

172i 

156 

155 

1471 

1441 

129i 

142 

156 

153t 

1521 



224 @ 172i 



5U@ 

57j @ 

594 @ 

66 @ 

68 @ 

87h@ 

225 @ 

231i @ 

85 @ 

89 @ 

210 @ 

21U @ 



1591 

161 

170 

185 

190i 

252 

285 

2611 

254i 

2274 

2604 

2431 



1514 @ 286 



100^ 



pay't. 



024 

OH 

Olf 

Oil 

03 

06 

16 

14 

19 

29 

304 

32 



134 

47 

56 

564 

51 

48 

444 

34 

26 

33 

484 

49 

504 



45S 

55 

59 

64 

74 

79 

97 
257 
255 
220 
205 
235 
2274 



202 j 



COTTON, 

n the United States. 



Hlig:hest and 
owest value, 
(in cents.) 



124 @ 

12| @ 
134 @ 
144 @ 
16 @ 
181 @ 
204 @ 
224 @ 
271 @ 



14 

144 

141 

164 

204 

224 

224 

274 

40 



124 @ 40 



31 @ 

20 @ 
23 @ 
274 @ 
26 @ 
30* @ 
3G4 @ 
45 @ 
48 @ 
64 (a) 
584 @ 
6Q @ 



38 

32 

29 

30 

314 

38 

50 

494 

68 

614 

70 

684 



20 @ 70 



674 @ 
85 @ 
60 @ 
60 @ 
49 @ 
51 (a) 
55 @ 
63 @ 
654 @ 
81 (3 
75 @ 
78 @ 



49 @ 92 



81 @ 
79 @ 
70 @ 
75 @ 
83 @ 
1.06 @ 
1.50 @ 
1.62 @ 
1.20 @ 
1.10 @ 
1.23 @ 
1.14 @ 



844 

844 

81 

84 

1.05 

1.52 

1.70 

1.90 

1.88 

1.28 

1.45 

1.34 



70 @ 1.90 1.17 



Avg. 



131 
13J 
14. 
154 
184 
201 
214 
23J 
33i 



19§ 

35 
26 

27 

284 

28 

314 

43 

47 

55 

59 

65 

674 



424 

74 

90 

75 

67 

60 

59 

64 

674 

70 

864 

84 

80 



73J 



82 

76 

79 

89 

1.29 

1.60 

1.76 

1.54 

1.19 

1.34 

1.24 



COTTON, 

In England. 



Highest and 
lowest value, 
(in pence.) 



74 @ 7t 
71 @ 71 
8 @ 84 
81 @ 8^ 
81 @ 95- 
95 @ 111 
111 @ 111 
104 @ 101 



n @ 111 



124 

121 

12 

124 

12 

121 

161 

m 

254 
22| 
214 



@13| 
@12| 
@ 124 
@134 

(& m 

@14| 

@in 

@264 
@ 281 
@274 
@234 
@244 



12 @ 2S| 

22| @ 244 
214 @ 22| 
201 @ 211 
214 @ 21| 
214 @ 22| 
214 @ 224 
214 @ 224 
224 @ 234 
234 @ 274 
261 @ 294 
274 @ 284 
264 @ 274 



20| @ 294 

274 @ 271 
27 @ 274 
264 @ 27 
264 @ 274 
271 @ 284 
284 @ 294 
291 @ 314 
291 @ 31 
261 @ 30| 
211 @ 271 
234 @ 274 
264 @ 261 



211 @ 314 



74 
74 
71 

8i 

84 

94 

101 

111 

101 



12s 

121 
124 

125 
12 J 
134 
174 
214 
261 
251 
24g 
231 



m 

24 

22 

21f 

211 

221 

22 

211 

22| 

25| 

284 

211 

27 



235 

274 

271 

26| 

261 

28J 

281 

3U 

301 

284 

241 

25 

264 



4-4 
Bleached 
Cottons. 



APPENDIX. 



91 



Fluctuations in value of Gold, (Continued.) 





GOLD, 


COTTON, 


COTTON", I 


4-4 
Bleached 




In the United 


states. 


In the United States, 


In England. 


Cottons. 




Highest and 




Hiphest and 




Highest and 




Av. value, 


1865. 


lowest value. 


Average. 


lowot value, 
(in cents.) 


Avg. 


lowest value, 
(in ppnee.) 


Avg. 


(in cents.) 


January. 


1965 @ 23-li 


215 


83 @ 1.26 


1 


24 @ 264 


254 


50. 


February. 


1961 @ 216^ 


206 


80 @88 


84 


194 @ 225 


214 


37.28 


March . 


Ulh @ 201 


175 


43 @84 


65 


15 @ 184 


164 


28.46 


April. 


U3h @ 154<^ 


147d 


31 @5§ 


364 


134 @ 144 


m 


25.57 


May. 


12Sk @ 145i 


137 


44 @ 57 


504 


14 @ 154 


141 


28.22 


June. 


135i @ 147t 


141i 


40 @47 


43 


164 @ 195 


18.^1 


26.13 


July. 


1381 @ 146^ 


142 


46 @ 53 


49 


19 @ 195 


19§ 


37.13 


August. 


140i @ U5h 


142.i 


42 @49 


454 


184 & 19 


181 1 


41.08 


September. 


im @ 145 


143i 


42 @ 464 


444 


184 @ 214 


194 


49.61 


October. 


144i @ 149 


146^ 


444 @ 63 


58 


22 @244 


234 


45.44 


November. 


145^ @ 1481 


147 


49 @ 58 


53 


195 @ 205 


204 


34.07 


December. 


1441 @ 1481 


1461 


48 @53 


604 


205 @ 214 


2U[ 


34.54 


1866. 


128i @ 234^ 


157h 


31 @ 1.26 


57 


134 @ 264 


m\ 


36.46 


January. 


1361 @ 1441 


1394 


484 @ 514 


50 


194 @ 205 


19i' 


37.32 


February. 


135J @ 1405 


138 


43 @50 


46 


184 @ 194 


m 


35.60 


March. 


124J @ V3Gh 


130 


39 @45 


42 


m @ 195 


m 


34.44 


April. 


125 (d> 129^ 


127i 


30 @ 41 


37 


144 @ 184 


16 1 


33.58 


May. 


126i@ 14U 


129i 


32 @42 


364 


124 @ 144 


134 


28.75 


June. 


1371 (a) 1671 


149i 


35 42 


384 


13 @ 144 


135 


29.97 


July. 


U7J @ 1551 


15U 


35 Qt 38 


36 


14 @ 144 


141 


30.62 


August. 


146J @ 152J 


1481 


32 @ 38 


344 


135 @ 144 


Uh\ 


30.91 


September. 


1431 @ 147i 


145i 


32 @40 


345 


134 @ 144 


ml 


31.75 


October. 


1451 @ 154i 


1484 


37 @45 


404 


145 & 154 


loh 


31.76 


November. 


137i 0$ 1485 


1425 


33 @41 


37 


14 @ 15 


144 


27.58 


December. 


13U @ 141 


1364 


33 @37 


34 


m @ 15 


141 


23.90 


1867. 


124J @ 1671 


1414 


30 @514 


m 


124 @ 205 


151 


31.35 


January. 


1321 @ 1361 


1344 


334 @ 37 


341 


14J @ 15? 


15 


23.84 


February. 


135i @ 140i 


137 


31 @34 


325 


14 @ Ul 


141 


23.85 


March. 


1335 @ 139.^ 


1345 


29 @ 324 


31 


134 @ 131 


134; 


23.90 


April. 


133 @ 140J 


1365 


25 @31 


274 


104 @ 125 


115 


23.93 


May. 


135i (a) I'dSh 


137i 


27 @29 


275 


105 @ 114 


IH\ 


21.76 


June. 


136i @ 1381 


1374 


264 @ 28 


27 


11 @ Hi 


Hi 


20.60 


July. 


138 @ 140| 


139i 


254 @ 28 . 


265 


104 @ 105 


101 


19.92 


August. 


140 @*142 


141 


254 @ 29 


28 


104 @ 105 


m\ 


19.95 


September. 


14U @ 145 


143 


22 @ 27 


254 


85 @ 10 


91 


19.91 . 


October. 


140i @ 145i 


143i 


18 @ 22 


20 


84 @ 81 


8f 


17.92 


November. 


137J @ 141i 


1394 


155 @ 194 


184 


71 @ 85 


81 


15.48 


December. 


133 @ 137i 


1345 


154 @ 17| 


164 


7i@ 71 


71 i 


14.39 


1868. 


132f @ 145i 


1384 


154 @ 37 


264 


7k @ 151 


m 


20.45 


January. 


133i @ 142i 


1384 


16 @ 194 


174 


7i@ 7i 


74 


14.24 


February. 


140 @ 143i 


14U 


19 @24 


214 


7J @ lOJ 


9 


17.09 


March. 


137J (a) 1411 


139 


23 @ 28 


254 


95 @ m 


10 


17.97 


April. 


1371 @ 140& 


139i 


28 @ 334 


314 


111 @ 12| 


12J 


17.65 


May, 


139i @ 140i 


1395 


30 '©33 


31 


114 @ 121 


.115 


17.43 


June. 


1391 @ 14U 


1404 


284 @ 32 


304 


11 @ 114 


114 


16.11 




133i @ 1434 


1391 


16 @334 


26J 


7J @ 121 


104 


16.75 



92 



APPENDIX. 



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